Introducing

Interstellar Blend ™

FORCE FIELD

EMF / radiation BLOCKER

200:1 Concentration

featuring: Â-Carotene • Acanthopanax Senticosus (Rupr. Maxim.) Harms Extract • Acanthopanax Senticosus( Rupr. Et Maxim)Harms Extracteleutheroside B+E • Acemannan • Acorus Calamus Linn • Adhatoda Vasica (L) Nees Leaves • Aegle Marmelos Fruit • Ageratum Conyzoides Linn. • Aloe Barbadensis • Aloe Vera Extract Polysaccharide • Angelica Sinensis Extract Polysaccharide • Anthocyanin (Grape Skin) • Artemisiae Herba • Astragalus Membranaceus • Auricularia Auricula • Azadirachta Indica • Bamboo Leaf • Blueberry Anthocyanins • Boerhaavia Diffusa • Bonnemaisonia Hamifera • Broken Ganoderma Lucidum Spores Powder • Brownea Grandiceps (Jacq.) • Caffeic Acid • Calendula Officinalis Flowers • Camellia Sinensis • Chamomile (Matricaria Recutita L. • Chrysanthemum Indicum L. • Chrysophyllum Cainito L • Clerodendron Infortunatum • Codonopsis Pilosula • Crocetin From Gardenia Fruit • Curcuma Longa • Ectoin • Egcg • Emblica Officinalis • Empetrum Nigrum Var. Japonicum • Epicatechin • Ferulic Acid • Ficus Racemosa Stem Bark • French Maritime Pine Bark Extract, Flavangenol • Fucodiphlorethol G Purified From Ecklonia Cava • Ganoderma Lucidum • Garlic • Genistein • Geraniin • Ginkgo Biloba L • Gpc (Grape Procyanidins) • Grewia Asiatica • Hemidesmus Indicus • Hippophae Rhamnoides • Houttuynia Cordata • Ih636 Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin • Ishige Okamurae • Juglans Regia • Korean Red Ginseng • L-Cysteine • Laminaria Japonica Extract • Ligusticum Chuanxiong Hort Extract • Linum Usitatissimum • Lonicera Japonica • Lutein • Lycium Ruthenicum Murr • Lycopene • Mentha Arvensis • Mentha Piperita • Moringa Oleifera Leaf • N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine • Nelumbo Nucifera • Nicotinamide • Nigella Sativa L. • Ocimum Sanctum • Olive Leaf • Ophiopogon Japonicus • Opuntia Ficus Indica • Paeonia Lactiflora • Panax Ginseng • Panax Notoginseng • Panaxotriol • Persea Americana • Phycocyanin • Phyllanthus Amarus • Pilea Microphylla • Piper Betel Leaf • Podophyllotoxin • Podophyllum Hexandrum • Polygonatum Odoratum • Polygonum Aviculare • Polyporus Umbellatus • Pomegranate Peel • Poria Cocos • Porphyra Haitanensis • Potassium Iodide • Pothomorphe Umbellata • Propolis • Purslane (Portulaca Oleracea L.) • Quince (Cydonia Oblonga Miller) Leaf • Radix Adenophorae • Rajgira (Amaranthus Paniculatus • Rehmannia Glutinosa • Resveratrol • Rh-3 (A Preparation Of Hippophae Rhamnoides) • Rheum Officinale Baill. • Rhodiola Rosea • Rosemary (Rosmarinus Officinalis L. • Rubia Cordifolia L. • Saussurea Involucrata • Scallop Polypeptide • Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae Rhamnoides L.) Fruit • Semen Coicis Extract • Semen Sesami Nigrum Extract • Sesamol • Silk Cocoon Extract • Sodium Alginate • Styela Clava Tunics • Sulforaphane • Syzygium Cumini (Jamun) Seed • Terminalia Chebula • Tinospora Cordifolia • Tremella Fuciformis Berk Extract • Vitamin A • Vitamin E • Vitis Vinifera L. Leaves • Withania Somnifera • Yeast Polysaccharides • Zataria Multiflora • Ziziphus Zizyphus Extract • Α-Lipoic Acid •

Radioprotective role of natural polyphenols: From sources to mechanisms

The identification and development of radioprotective agents have emerged as a subject matter of research during recent years due to the growing usage of ionizing radiation in different areas of human life. Previous work on synthetic radioprotectors has achieved limited progress because of the numerous issues associated with toxicity. Compounds extracted from plants have the potential to serve as lead candidates for developing ideal radioprotectors due to their low cost, safety, and selectivity. Polyphenols are the most abundant and commonly dispersed group of biologically active molecules possessing a broad range of pharmacological activities. Polyphenols have displayed efficacy for radioprotection during various investigations and can be administered at high doses with lesser toxicity. Detoxification of free radicals, modulating inflammatory responses, DNA repair, stimulation of hematopoietic recovery, and immune functions are the main mechanisms for radiation protection with polyphenols. Epicatechin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, apigenin, caffeic acid phenylethylester, and silibinin provide cytoprotection together with the suppression of many pro-inflammatory cytokines owing to their free radical scavenging, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Curcumin, resveratrol, quercetin, gallic acid, and rutin’s radioprotective properties are regulated primarily by the direct or indirect decline in cellular stress. Thus, polyphenols may serve as potential candidates for radioprotection in the near future; however, extensive investigations are still required to better understand their protection mechanisms.

Prevention from radiation damage by natural products

Radiotherapy is a mainstay of cancer treatment since decades. Ionizing radiation (IR) is used for destruction of cancer cells and shrinkage of tumors. However, the increase of radioresistance in cancer cells and radiation toxicity to normal tissues are severe concerns. The exposure to radiation generates intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which leads to DNA damage by lipid peroxidation, removal of thiol groups from cellular and membrane proteins, strand breaks and base alterations.

Hypothesis: Plants have to deal with radiation-induced damage (UV-light of sun, other natural radiation sources). Therefore, it is worth speculating that radioprotective mechanisms have evolved during evolution of life. We hypothesize that natural products from plants may also protect from radiation damage caused as adverse side effects of cancer radiotherapy.

Methods: The basis of this systematic review, we searched the relevant literature in the PubMed database.

Results: Flavonoids, such as genistein, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, epicatechin, apigenin and silibinin mainly act as antioxidant, free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory compounds, thus, providing cytoprotection in addition to downregulation of several pro-inflammatory cytokines. Comparable effects have been found in phenylpropanoids, especially caffeic acid phenylethylester, curcumin, thymol and zingerone. Besides, resveratrol and quercetin are the most important cytoprotective polyphenols. Their radioprotective effects are mediated by a wide range of mechanisms mainly leading to direct or indirect reduction of cellular stress. Ascorbic acid is broadly used as antioxidant, but it has also shown activity in reducing cellular damage after irradiation mainly due to its antioxidant capabilities. The metal ion chelator, gallic acid, represents another natural product attenuating cellular damage caused by radiation.

Conclusions: Some secondary metabolites from plants reveal radioprotective features against cellular damage caused by irradiation. These results warrant further analysis to develop phytochemicals as radioprotectors for clinical use.

Radiation protection and mitigation by natural antioxidants and flavonoids: implications to radiotherapy and radiation disasters

Background: Nowadays, ionizing radiations are used for various medical and terroristic aims. These purposes involve exposure to ionizing radiations. Hence, people are at risk for acute or late effects. Annually, millions of cancer patients undergo radiotherapy during their course of treatment. Also, some radiological or nuclear events in recent years pose a threat to people, hence the need for radiation mitigation strategies. Amifostine, the first FDA approved radioprotector, has shown some toxicities that limit its usage and efficiency. Due to these side effects, scientists have researched for other agents with less toxicity for better radioprotection and possible mitigation of the lethal effects of ionizing radiations after an accidental exposure. Flavonoids have shown promising results for radioprotection and can be administered in higher doses with less toxicity. Studies for mitigation of ionizing radiation-induced toxicities have concentrated on natural antioxidants. Detoxification of free radicals, management of inflammatory responses and attenuation of apoptosis signaling pathways in radiosensitive organs are the main mechanisms for radiation protection and mitigation with flavonoids and natural antioxidants. However, several studies have proposed that a combination in the form of some antioxidants may alleviate radiation toxicities more effectively in comparison to a single form of antioxidants.

Conclusion: In this review, we focus on recent findings about natural radioprotectors and mitigators which are clinically applicable for radiotherapy patients, as well as injured people in possible radiation accidents.

An overview of the cellular mechanisms of flavonoids radioprotective effects

Considering the remarkable application of radiotherapy in the treatment and diagnosis of various diseases and even nuclear war, it is important to protect healthy tissues and people at risk from the radiation. Currently, there is no ideal and safe radioprotective agent available and we are seeing a great effort to find these agents from natural sources. Phenolic compounds, as well as flavonoid, are presented widely as the second metabolite in plants and they have been considered for investigation according to their benefits for human health, healing and preventing many disorders. The major bioactive benefits of flavonoids include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-aging, anti-bacterial and viral, neuroprotection and radioprotective effects. Their lower toxicity and oral administration have made it suitable for radiotherapy patient, radiation, military forces, and even the general public. This review attempts to provide a summary of the main molecular mechanisms involved in flavonoid radio-protective effects. Data of these studies will provide a comprehensive perspective to flavonoids and can help to optimize their effects in radioprotection procedures.

Phytochemicals as radioprotective agents

The development of radioprotective agents has been a subject of intense research in view of their potential for use within a radiation environment, such as space exploration, radiotherapy and even nuclear war. Since no ideal, safe synthetic radioprotectors are available to date, the search for alternative sources, including plants, has been on-going for several decades. In the Traditional Indian system of medicine, several plants have been used to treat radiation-mediated ailments. A systematic screening approach can only provide leads to identify potential new molecular entities from plant sources, for mitigation of radiation injury. This article reviews the milestones in development of radioprotectors with emphasis on perspectives of variety of plants, their bioactive principles and several alternative approaches tested in in vitro and in vivo model systems for radioprotection. With an overview of our own work carried out in this area, this review highlights the unique inherent properties in plants and the phytochemicals that aid in preventing free radical-induced oxidative stress during radiation therapy. The structural characteristics of these phytochemicals, rendering them suitable for radioprotection, have also been discussed, with the scope of their applications in the fields involving imbalanced redox status and oxidative stress.

Medicinally important aromatic plants with radioprotective activity

SCIENCE & INGREDIENTS:

Â-Carotene

Morbidity and mortality reduction by supplemental vitamin A or β-carotene in CBA mice given total-body γ-radiation

Male CBA mice received graded doses (450–750 rad) of total-body γ-radiation (TBR) from a dual-beam ¹³⁷CS irradiator. Commencing directly after TBR, 2 days later, or 6 days later, groups of mice received supplemental vitamin A (V it A) or β-carotene (β-Car), compounds previously found to reduce radiation disease in mice subjected to partial-body X-irradiation. Given directly after TBR, supplemental Vit A decreased mortality, evidenced by increases in the radiation dose required to kill 50% of the mice within 30 days (LD_50/30). In one experiment, Vit A increased the LD_50/30 from 555 to 620 rad; in another experiment, Vit A increased the dose from 505 to 630 rad. Similarly, in a third experiment, supplemental β-Car increased the LD50/30 from 510 to 645 rad. Additionally, each compound increased the survival times, even of those mice that died within 30 days. In addition to reduction of mortality and prolongation of survival time, supplemental Vit A moderated weight loss, adrenal gland hyperemia, thymus involution, and lymphopenia-all signs of radiation toxicity. Delaying the supplementation for 2 days after irradiation did not greatly reduce the efficacy of Vit A; however, delaying supplementation for 6 days decreased its effect almost completely.

Acute adverse effects of radiation therapy and local recurrence in relation to dietary and plasma beta carotene and alpha tocopherol in head and neck cancer patients

There is a debate concerning the effects of antioxidant vitamins during radiation therapy: Can they reduce the adverse effects of therapy without reducing treatment efficacy? We examined whether dietary and plasma beta carotene and alpha tocopherol were related to severe acute adverse effects of radiation therapy and to cancer local recurrence. We conducted a prospective study of 540 head and neck cancer patients treated by radiation therapy. Dietary intakes of beta carotene and alpha tocopherol were measured by a validated food frequency questionnaire and plasma levels were determined. Acute adverse effects of radiation therapy and local recurrence were documented. A higher beta carotene dietary intake was associated with fewer severe acute adverse effects: odds ratio (OR) = 0.61 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.40–0.93]. There was a tendency for a similar effect for plasma beta carotene: OR = 0.73 (95% CI = 0.48–1.11). Participants with higher plasma beta carotene had a significantly lower rate of local recurrence (hazard ratio = 0.67; 95% CI = 0.45–0.99). Alpha tocopherol was not related to severe adverse effects or to cancer recurrence. This study suggests that a higher usual dietary beta carotene intake can reduce the occurrence of severe adverse effects of radiation therapy and decrease local cancer recurrence.

Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. Maxim.) Harms extract

radioprotective effects of active compounds of Acanthopanax senticosus from the Lesser Khingan Mountain range in China

Bioactive compounds including polysaccharides, flavones, syringin and eleutheroside E were extracted from wild Acanthopanax senticosus to obtain purities of 88.4% ± 3.2%, 90.8% ± 2.0%, 92.5% ± 1.5% and 82.7% ± 4.7% respectively. In vitro antioxidant activities and in vivo anti-radiation activities of the compounds were investigated and compared. The results demonstrated that polysaccharides and flavones extracted from A. Senticosus were more effective than syringin and eleutheroside E in their radical scavenging activity in vitro. In vivo studies showed that polysaccharides and flavones were also effective in protecting mice from heavy ion radiation induced tissue oxidative damage. Furthermore, the activities of polysaccharides and flavones in repressing expression changes of radiation response proteins including heat shock protein, disulfide-isomerase and glutathione S-transferase, were also identified by our results. These radioprotective effects were more significant when polysaccharides and flavones were administered together.

radioprotective effects of active compounds from Acanthopanax senticosus of Lesser Khingan Mountain in China

Bioactive compounds including polysaccharides, flavones, syringin and eleutheroside E were extracted from wild Acanthopanax senticosus and purified by chromatography. In vitro and in vivo anti-radiation activities of the compounds were compared. In vitro radical scavenging results showed that polysaccharides and flavones were more effective than syringin and eleutheroside E in In vivo study proved that polysaccharides and flavones were effective in protecting mice from heavy ion radiation induced oxidative damages. Also, the activity of polysaccharides and flavones in repressing expression changes of radiation response proteins including heat shock protein, disulfide-isomerase and glutathione S-transferase were also found by our results. Moreover, the radioprotective effects were more significant when polysaccharides and flavones were used together.

Acanthopanax senticosus reduces brain injury in mice exposed to low linear energy transfer radiation

Acanthopanax senticosus( Rupr. et Maxim)Harms extract Eleutheroside B+E

Eleutheroside E Enhances the Long-Term Memory of radiation–damaged C. elegans through G-Protein-Coupled Receptor and Neuropeptide Signaling Pathways

Eleutheroside E (EE), a principal active compound of Acanthopanax senticosus, has been shown to have a certain neuromodulation effect. Our previous study indicates that EE protects nerve damage caused by radiation. However, its specific function and underlying mechanism remain unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study is to apply the C. elegans model to illuminate the property and mechanism of EE protecting against nerve damage caused by radiation. Here, we found that EE significantly improved the long-term memory of radiation–damaged C. elegans. Through transcriptome sequencing, the results showed that EE protected radiation–damaged C. elegans mainly through G-protein-coupled receptor and neuropeptide signaling pathways. Further research indicated that EE affected the activity of CREB by cAMP-PKA, G_qα-PLC, and neuropeptide signaling pathways to ultimately improve the long-term memory of radiation–damaged C. elegans. In addition, the activity of G_qα and neuropeptides in AWC neurons and the activity of CREB in AIM neurons might be crucial for EE to function.

Eleutheroside E supplementation prevents radiation–induced cognitive impairment and activates PKA signaling via gut microbiota

radiation affects not only cognitive function but also gut microbiota. Eleutheroside E (EE), a principal active compound of Acanthopanax senticosus, has a certain protective effect on the nervous system. Here, we find a four-week EE supplementation to the ⁶⁰Co-γ ray irradiated mice improves the cognition and spatial memory impairments along with the protection of hippocampal neurons, remodels the gut microbiota, especially changes of Lactobacillus and Helicobacter, and altered the microbial metabolites including neurotransmitters (GABA, NE, ACH, 5-HT) as well as their precursors. Furthermore, the fecal transplantation of EE donors verifies that EE alleviated cognition and spatial memory impairments, and activates the PKA/CREB/BDNF signaling via gut microbiota. Our findings provide insight into the mechanism of EE effect on the gut-brain axis and underpin a proposed therapeutic value of EE in cognitive and memory impairments induced by radiation.

acemannan

Acemannan (a polysaccharides of Aloe vera gel) protects against radiation induced mortality by modulation of immunosuppression

Acemannan (poly-acetylated mannose) is an active component of Aloe vera gel and has been reported to have anticancerous, antimicrobial and shown to stimulate the development and proliferation of the hematopoietic cells. The anticancerous properties of acemannan have been attributed to the modulation of immune system rather then cytotoxicity. Therefore objective of the present study was to evaluate radioprotective efficacy of acemannan against radiation induced immune suppression using Swiss albino mice as a model system. For In-vivo studies mice were treated for 7 days orally prior to irradiation (5 Gy). Animals were sacrificed at different time point to study the effect on cellular proliferation, DNA damage, apoptosis and ROS level, cytokines level, antioxidant enzymes, nitric oxide and protein expression. For survival studies mice were treated with acemannan for 7 days pre or post irradiation and survival was monitored for 30 days. Acemannan showed a significant induction of proliferation of splenocytes in radiation treated groups. Beside a decrease in radiation induced ROS and DNA damage resulted in the reduction of apoptosis in murine splenocytes. Acemannan restored the antioxidant enzyme level (catalase, SOD, DTD and GST) and maintained the proper redox status via GSH, in irradiated mice.

The effect of Acemannan Immunostimulant in combination with surgery and radiation therapy on spontaneous canine and feline fibrosarcomas

Eight dogs and five cats with histopathologically confirmed fibrosarcomas were treated with Acemannan Immunostimulanta in combination with surgery and radiation therapy. These animals had recurring disease that had failed previous treatment, a poor prognosis for survival, or both. Following four to seven weekly acemannan treatments, tumor shrinkage occurred in four (greater than 50%; n = 2) of 12 animals, with tumors accessible to measurement. A notable increase in necrosis and inflammation was observed. Complete surgical excision was performed on all animals between the fourth and seventh week following initiation of acemannan therapy. radiation therapy was instituted immediately after surgery. Acemannan treatments were continued monthly for one year. Seven of the 13 animals remain alive and tumor-free (range, 440+ to 603+ days) with a median survival time of 372 days. The data suggests that Acemannan Immunostimulant may be an effective adjunct to surgery and radiation therapy in the treatment of canine and feline fibrosarcomas.

Acemannan-containing wound dressing gel reduces radiation–induced skin reactions in C3H mice

Purpose: To determine (a) whether a wound dressing gel that contains acemannan extracted from aloe leaves affects the severity of radiation–induced acute skin reactions in C3H mice; (b) if so, whether other
commercially available gels such as a personal lubricating jelly and a healing ointment have similar effects; and (c) when the wound dressing gel should be applied for maximum effect.

Methods and Materials: Male C3H mice received graded single doses of gamma radiation ranging from 30 to 47.5 Gy to the right leg. In most experiments, the gel was applied daily beginning immediately after irradiation. To determine timing of application for best effect, gel was applied beginning on day -7, 0, or +7 relative to the day of irradiation (day 0) and continuing for 1,2,3,4, or 5 weeks. The right inner thigh of each mouse was scored on a scale of 0 to 3.5 for severity of radiation reaction from the seventh to the 35th day after irradiation. Dose-response curves were obtained by plotting the percentage of mice that reached or exceeded a given peak skin reaction as a function of dose. Curves were fitted by logit analysis and EDS0 values, and 95% confidence limits were obtained.

Results: The average peak skin reactions of the wound dressing gel-treated mice were lower than those of the untreated mice at all radiation doses tested. The ED,, values for skin reactions of 2.0-2.75 were approximately 7 Gy higher in the wound dressing gel-treated mice. The average peak skin reactions and the EDSo values for mice treated with personal lubricating jelly or healing ointment were similar to irradiated control values. reduction in the percentage of mice with skin reactions of 2.5 or more was greatest in the groups that received wound dressing gel for at least 2 weeks beginning immediately after irradiation. There was no effect if gel was applied only before irradiation or beginning 1 week after irradiation.

Conclusion: Wound dressing gel, but not personal lubricating jelly or healing ointment, reduces acute radiation–induced skin reactions in C3H mice if applied daily for at least 2 weeks beginning immediately.

Acorus calamus Linn

protection of DNA and membrane from γ-radiation induced damage by the extract of Acorus calamus Linn.: An in vitro study

Acorus calamus, an ethnomedicinally important plant, was investigated for its protecting activity against radiation induced DNA and membrane damage. The in vitro free radical scavenging activity of the extract (water:ethanol, 1:1) of A. calamus was studied by parameters viz DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and superoxide radical scavenging activity. Membrane damage due to radiation exposure was measured as the peroxidation of lipids in terms of thiobarbituric acid reacting substance (TBARS). The in vitro DNA damage was monitored by assessing the radiation induced relaxation of supercoiled plasmid DNA (pBR322). damage to cellular DNA induced by γ-radiation (6 Gy) was monitored by alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis or comet assay in murine cells and human peripheral blood leukocytes.

Enhancement of DNA repair mechanism was also monitored. The extract effectively scavenged free radicals in a concentration dependent manner. Presence of A. calamus extract during irradiation prevented peroxidation of membrane lipids in mouse liver homogenate. It helped to reduce the disappearance of the covalently closed circular (ccc) form of plasmid DNA following exposure to γ-radiation. Also the A. calamus extract effectively protected DNA from radiation induced strand breaks and enhanced the DNA repair process. Hence A. calamus extract can be used as a good source of natural radioprotecting agent.

protection from lethal and sub-lethal whole body exposures of mice to γ-radiation by Acorus calamus L.: Studies on tissue antioxidant status and cellular DNA damage

The radioprotecting activity of Acorus calamus extract after whole body exposure of mice to lethal and sub-lethal doses of γ-irradiation in terms of radiation induced mortality and damages to cellular DNA and tissue antioxidant levels were studied. A. calamus extract (250 mg/kg body weight) was orally administered to mice 1 h prior to whole body γ-radiation exposure. The antioxidant levels in the tissue homogenates of brain, liver and kidney of the irradiated mice were determined and cellular DNA damage was monitored by comet assay.

effect of administration of the extract on survival of the animals exposed to acute lethal dose of 10 Gy whole body γ-radiations was also monitored. Administration of the extract significantly increased the activities of major enzymes of the antioxidant defense system specially SOD, catalase and GPx and levels of GSH in 2, 6 and 10 Gy irradiated mice and decreased the formation MDA. The extract also decreased DNA strand breaks. The survival rate was found to be increased up to 5%.

These studies highlight the role of A. calamus extract as good source of natural radioprotecting agent and its therapeutic implications for radiation–induced injuries.

Adhatoda vasica (L) Nees leaves

in ultrastructure, photosynthetic abilities, and secondary metabolite due to individual and interactive effects of chromium and ultraviolet-B radiation in Adhatoda vasica

The study was executed to assess individual and interactive effects of elevated ultraviolet-B (euv-B) radiation and chromium (Cr) on a medicinal plant Adhatoda vasica Nees. The experiment was conducted under field conditions involving control, Cr, euv-B, and Cr+euv-B treatments.

The results showed that Cr content was the highest in roots as compared to other parts under Cr+euv-B. significant reductions in photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO₂ concentration, and stomatal conductance were observed under all treatments with maximum under Cr+euv-B. Chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence parameters showed variable responses under Cr and Cr+euv-B. Chl content showed reductions under all treatments whereas Chl a/b ratio and carotenoids showed increment under euv-B and reductions under Cr and Cr+euv-B. The ultrastructure of leaves showed changes in chloroplasts under treatments. Vasicine (medicinally important secondary metabolite) increased under treatments.

Our study revealed that A. vasica showed variable responses towards individual and interactive stress of Cr and euv-B.

ROLE OF ADHATODA VASICA LEAF extract AGAINST gamma radiation induced oxidative stress IN MICE PECTORALIS MUSCLE

The science of radiation protection is a fundamental outgrowth of peaceful and military applications of ionizing radiation. The various chemicals that have been used as radio protectors as free radical scavengers are effective if given prior to or during irradiation. Several chemical agents/synthetic radio protectors have been used against the hazardous effects of ionizing radiation in experimental studies with success. medicinal plants play an important role in pharmacology and medicine for many years.

The objective of present study was to evaluate the antioxidant enzyme activities in pectoralis muscle of mice. Mice were divided into four groups i.e. Group (i) containing normal mice served as control; group (ii) mice given 900 mg/kg body wt. of Adhatoda vasica extract orally; group (iii) mice were exposed to gamma radiation (6Gy) and group (iv) mice given Adhatoda vasica leaf extract plus gamma radiation (6 Gy).

Present study demonstrated that Adhatoda vasica leaf extract provides protection against free radical damage.

prevention of radiation induced histopathological changes in mice biceps muscle by Adhatoda vasica

Ionizing radiation has a diversity of beneficial uses in medicine including radiotherapy, radiographs etc. Scientific and technological advancements have further increased the radiation burden in humans. Adhatoda vasica is well known plant drug in Ayurvedic and Unani medicine well documented for therapeutic potential. The present study was designed to evaluate histopathological responses of biceps muscle after Adhatoda extract treatment, irradiation and extract + irradiation

Aegle marmelos fruit

Fruit extract of Aegle marmelos protects mice against radiation–induced lethality

radiation–induced hematological alterations and their inhibition by Aegle Marmelos fruit extract

This study was carried out to observe the radio protective potential of Aegle Marmelos fruit extract (AME) against radiation–induced hematological and biochemical alterations in blood and liver of mice. For this purpose, adult Swiss albino mice were exposed to 6 Gy gamma radiation in the presence (experimental) or absence (control) of the extract (100 mg/kg body weight animal/day). exposure to radiation resulted in a significant decline in the count of erythrocyte, hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct) in peripheral blood. In contrast, extract–pretreated irradiated animals had a significant rise in all of these blood constituents, as compared with the irradiated control. Furthermore, a significant elevation in lipid peroxidation over normal was recorded in the irradiated control, whereas such increase was considerably lesser in extract–pretreated animals. Likewise, pretreatment with AME caused a significant increase in glutathione levels in the serum, as well as in the liver, in comparison to irradiated controls.

These results indicate that AME may be responsible for the protection of stem cells in bone marrow, subsequently resulting in a rise of hematological constituents in peripheral blood. The present study affirms the prophylactic use of AME against radiation–induced hematological and biochemical alterations in mammals.

Debilitation of radiation induced intestinal injury by Aegle marmelos fruit extract in mice

Protection of intestinal constituents by Aegle marmelos extract (AME) was studied after exposure to 6 Gy gamma radiations in mice. irradiation produced a significant decrease in crypt survival, mitotic figures and villus length; whereas a significant increase in goblet and apoptotic cells from Sham irradiated animals. Maximum alterations in all the parameters were observed on day 3rd of irradiation but without restoring to normal even till the end of experimentation. AME pretreated irradiated animals resulted in a noticeable increase in the number of crypt cells, mitotic figures and villus length; whereas the counts of apoptotic and goblet cells showed a significant decrease from respective control at all the autopsy intervals. Furthermore, AME administration significantly inhibited radiation–induced elevation in lipid peroxidation and a reduction in glutathione levels in blood, liver and intestine.

The results from the present study demonstrate the inhibitory role of Aegle marmelos fruit extract against radiation induced intestinal alterations in mammals.

Ageratum conyzoides Linn.

Evaluation of the radioprotective effect of Ageratum conyzoides Linn. extract in mice exposed to different doses of gamma radiation

The effect of various doses (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 300, 600 and 900 mg kg⁻¹) of the alcoholic extract of the plant Ageratum conyzoides Linn. (ACE), on the alteration of radiation–induced mortality in mice exposed to 10 Gy of gamma radiation was studied. The acute toxicity studies showed that the drug was non-toxic up to a dose of 3000 mg kg⁻¹, the highest dose that could be tested for acute toxicity. Administration of ACE resulted in a dose-dependent decline in radiation–induced mortality up to a dose of 75 mg kg⁻¹, the dose at which the highest number of survivors (70.83%) was observed. Thereafter, the number of survivors declined with increasing doses of ACE and a nadir was reached at 900 mg kg⁻¹ ACE. Since the number of survivors was highest for 75 mg kg⁻¹ ACE, this was considered the optimum dose for radioprotection and used in further studies in which mice were treated with 75 mg kg⁻¹ ACE before exposure to 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 Gy of gamma radiation. The treatment of mice with 75 mg kg⁻¹ ACE reduced the severity of symptoms of radiation sickness and mortality at all exposure doses, and a significant increase in survival was observed compared with the non-treated irradiated group.

The ACE treatment effectively protected mice against the gastrointestinal as well as bone marrow related death, as revealed by the increased number of survivors at all irradiation doses. The dose reduction factor was found to be 1.3. To understand the mechanism of action, various doses of ACE were evaluated for their in-vitro scavenging action on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), a chemically stable free radical. ACE was found to scavenge DPPH radicals in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating that the radioprotection afforded by ACE may be in part due to the scavenging of reactive oxygen species induced by ionizing radiation.

Aloe barbadensis

Aloe barbadensis extracts reduce the production of interleukin-10 after exposure to ultraviolet radiation

Cutaneous exposure to ultraviolet radiation suppresses the induction of T cell mediated responses such as contact and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) by altering the function of immune cells in the skin and causing the release of immunoregulatory cytokines. extracts of crude Aloe barbadensis gel prevent this photosuppression. Because the regulation of contact hypersensitivity and DTH responses differ, we investigated whether protection was afforded by a single or multiple agents in Aloe and the mechanism by which this material prevents suppression of DTH immunity. The ability of Aloe gel to prevent suppression of contact hypersensitivity responses to hapten decayed rapidly after manufacture. In contrast, agents that protected against systemic suppression of DTH responses to Candida albicans were stable over time. Oligosaccharides prepared from purified Aloe polysaccharide prevented suppression of DTH responses in vivo and reduced the amount of IL-10 observed in ultraviolet irradiated murine epidermis.

To assess the effect of Aloe extracts on keratinocytes, Pam 212 cells were exposed in vitro to ultraviolet radiation and treated for 1 h with Aloe oligosaccharides. Culture supernatants were collected 24 h later and injected into mice. Supernatants from ultraviolet irradiated keratinocytes suppressed the induction of DTH responses, whereas Aloe oligosaccharide treatment reduced IL-10 and blocked the suppressive activity of the supernatants. These results indicate that Aloe contains multiple immunoprotective factors and that Aloe oligosaccharides may prevent ultraviolet induced suppression of DTH by reducing keratinocyte derived immunosuppressive cytokines.

prevention of ultraviolet radiation–induced suppression of contact and delayed hypersensitivity by Aloe barbadensis gel extract

We investigated the ability of Aloe barbadensis gel extract to prevent suppression of contact hypersensitivity (CHS) and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses in mice by ultraviolet (uv) irradiation. Local immune suppression was induced in C3H mice by exposure to four daily doses of 400 J/m² uv-B (280 – 320 nm) radiation from FS40 sunlamps, followed by sensitization with 0.5% fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) through the irradiated skin. Topical application of 0.167-1.67% Aloe gel after each irradiation significantly reduced this suppression.

Aloe treatment partially preserved the number and morphology of Langerhans and Thy-1⁺ dendritic epidermal cells in skin, compared to those in the skin of mice given only uvR or uvR plus the vehicle. Experiments using a single (2 kJ/m²) dose of uvR followed by Aloe treatment showed that the effect of Aloe was not due to screening of the uvR. Systemic suppression of DTH to Candida albicans or CHS to FITC was induced in C3H mice exposed to 5 or 10 kJ/m² uv-B radiation, respectively, on shaved dorsal skin and sensitized 3 d later with a subcutaneous injection of formalin-fixed Candida or FITC painted on unirradiated, ventral skin. treatment of the uv–irradiated skin with Aloe immediately after irradiation prevented suppression of both DTH to Candida and CHS to FITC. Aloe treatment did not prevent the formation of cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimers in the DNA of uv–irradiated skin or accelerate the repair of these lesions.

These studies demonstrate that topical application of Aloe barbadensis gel extract to the skin of uv–irradiated mice ameliorates uv–induced immune suppression by a mechanism that does not involve DNA damage or repair.

Aloe vera extract polysaccharide

Immunomodulatory potential of acemannan (polysaccharide from Aloe vera) against radiation induced mortality in Swiss albino mice

Plant polysaccharides have been reported to stimulate growth, differentiation and proliferation of hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells to protect against the deleterious effects of radiations. This study evaluated the radioprotective potential of acemannan, a major polysaccharide component of aloe vera gel. treatment of mice with 50 mg/kg body weight of acemannan by oral gavage for 7 days was able to protect against the radiation–induced mortality. Seven-day pretreatment or post-treatment of mice with acemannan resulted in the increase in median survival by 60 and 20%, respectively. The decrease in mortality can be attributed to the induction of hematopoiesis (peripheral lymphocytes counts, spleen cellularity, spleen index) and the upregulation of cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1 by acemannan in irradiated mice.

Data indicate that acemannan has the ability to protect mice against radiation–induced mortality by immunomodulation and can be developed as a radiation damage mitigation agent.

Aloe polysaccharides mediated radioprotective effect through the inhibition of apoptosis

Polysaccharides from aloe are always considered an effective radioprotector on irradiation–induced skin damage.

The aim of this study was to determine if aloe polysaccharides (AP) have radioprotective effects on normal human cells in vitro and mouse survival in vivo and to explore the mechanism. pretreatment with 50 μg/ml AP could improve the surviving fraction at 2 Gy (SF 2 ) of three normal cell lines 293, ECV304, and C. liver from 41.5%, 46.5%, and 40.9% to 49.4%, 72.1%, and 89.1%, respectively. AP could also reduce the apoptotic rate of C. liver cells from 9.5% and 43.0% to 2.2% and 10.9% 48 h and 72 h after 2 Gy irradiation, respectively. Western blot analysis showed that pretreatment with AP could block the upregulation of pro-apoptotic p53, Bax, and Bad and the downregulation of Bcl-2 by irradiation. AP could lower thymocyte apoptosis of mice in vivo after 6 Gy irradiation and abrogate the cell cycle perturbation. Fifty mg/kg of AP treatment for 30 min before 7.5 Gy irradiation provided the best radioprotective effect and improved the 30-day survival rate of mice to 86.0%, from 10.0%. AP exerted radioprotective effects in vitro and in vivo through an inhibition of apoptosis.

radioprotective effects and mechanisms of animal, plant and microbial polysaccharides

Ionizing radiation is increasingly used to successfully diagnose many human health problems, but ionizing radiation may cause damage to organs/tissues in the living organisms such as the spleen, liver, skin, and brain. Many radiation protective agents have been discovered, with the deepening of radiation research. Unfortunately, these protective agents have many side effects, which cause drug resistance, nausea, vomiting, osteoporosis, etc. The polysaccharides extracted from natural sources are widely available and low in toxicity. In vivo and in vitro experiments have demonstrated that polysaccharides have anti-radiation activity through anti-oxidation, immune regulation, protection of hematopoietic system and protection against DNA damage.

Recently, some studies have shown that polysaccharides were resistant to radiation. In the review, the anti-radiation activities of polysaccharides from different sources are summarized, and the anti-radiation mechanisms are discussed as well. It can be used to develop more effective anti-radiation management drugs.

Angelica sinensis extract polysaccharide

Regulatory effect of Angelica sinensis Polysaccharide on BMP-7/Smads/TGF-β1 Signal Pathway in Kidney of Rats with radiation Injury

Angelica sinensis polysaccharide (ASP) is a biomacromolecule that isolated from the roots of Angelica sinensis. This study aims to investigate its protective effect on kidney injury and its influence on BMP- 7/Smads/TGF-β1 signal pathway in irradiated rats. Total 60 Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: the normal (normal saline), model (normal saline), and low, medium, high dose of ASP groups (9.0, 18.0 and 36.0 mg/mL, 2.0 mL/kg·d, intragastric gavage once a day for 14 days). On the 15th day, all other groups received 60Co γ-ray irradiation with a total dose of 4.0 Gy except the normal group. The levels of NO synthase (NOS) and NO in serum, the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in kidney of each group were detected with ELISA after 24 h of irradiation, and the protein expression levels of TGF-β1, phosphorylated (p-) Smad2, p-Smad2, p-Smad1, p-Smad5 and BMP7 in kidney were detected by western blotting.

In the results, compared with the model group, NOS, NO and MDA contents were decreased in the middle and high dose groups while SOD contents were increased in low, middle and high dose groups. The levels of TGF-β, p-Smad2 and p-Smad3 were increased in low, middle and high dose groups while the levels of BMP7, p-Smad1 and p-Smad5 were decreased in middle and high dose groups.

In conclusion, ASP can reduce the expression levels of TGF-β, p-Smad2 and p-Smad3 in kidney of rats induced by radiation, increase the expression levels of BMP7, p-Smad1 and p-Smad5, and resist the body injury caused by radiation by regulating BMP-7/Smads/ TGF-β1 signal pathway.

Regulatory effect of Angelica sinensis Polysaccharide on Bcl-2/Bax/Caspase-3 Signal Pathway in Spleen of Rats with radiation Injury

To investigate the protective effect of Angelica sinensis polysaccharide (ASP) on spleen injury and its influence of Bcl-2/Bax/Caspase-3 signal pathway in radiation rats, 60 Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were divided into 5 groups randomly: the normal group, the model group, low-, middle- and high- dose of ASP groups. On the 15th day after the appropriate medication, all the rats except the normal group received the ⁶⁰Co γ-ray irradiation once with a total dose of 4.0Gy. The levels of NF-kBp65 and IKKa in serum, the contents of MDA, GSH and SOD in spleen of each group were detected with ELISA after 24 h of irradiation, and the protein expression levels of Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3, HSPBP1 and TIMM8B in spleen of each group were detected by western blotting.

The results showed that compared with the model group, NF-kBp65, IKKa and MDA contents were decreased while GSH and SOD contents were increased in the middle and high dose groups. The level of Bcl-2 and TIMM8B were increased while Bax, caspase-3 and HSPBP1 were decreased in all groups. In conclusion, Angelica sinensis polysaccharide can reduce the expression levels of Bax and caspase-3, while increase the level of Bcl-2 in spleen of rats induced by radiation and antagonize the body injury caused by radiation by regulating Bcl 2/Bax/Caspase 3 signaling pathway.

anthocyanin (grape skin)

Grape extract protect against ionizing radiation–induced DNA damage

Grape extracts of different cultivars (Flame seedless, Kishmish chorni, Red globe and Thompson seedless) were investigated for in vitro antioxidant activity by ABTS assay, and compared protective efficacy against radiation–induced DNA damage. Seed extract showed the highest scavenging activity, followed by skin extract. Among different cultivars, ‘flame seedless’ skin extract showed higher scavenging activity followed by ‘Kishmish chorni’ skin extract. Grape extracts significantly prevented radiation–induced plasmid DNA damage. Super-coiled pBR 322 plasmid DNA (~93%) is completely converted to open circular (~97%) and linear (~2%) form at a dose of 150 Gy γ-radiation.

Pretreatment with different grape extracts showed various degree of protection against radiation–induced DNA damage. pretreatment with 1.6 µg grape skin extract of ‘Thompson seedless’ cultivar or grape flesh extract of any tested cultivar diminished the DNA strand breaks, and there was an increase in the super coiled form of DNA against 150 Gy of γ-radiation. However, pretreated pBR 322 DNA with the skin of ‘Kishmish chorni’ cultivars or seed of ‘red globe’ grape cultivars remained static during electrophoresis and confined in the groove on exposure to 150 Gy γ-radiation treatment. Co-treatment with the skin of red globe cultivar also partially confined plasmid DNA in the groove.

The same trend was observed when plasmid DNA was exposed to 1.2 kGy γ-radiation. Our investigation revealed that anthocyanin present in grape skin was probably involved in radio protective activities through the formation of co-pigmentation with DNA.

Involvement of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis of Cabernet Sauvignon Grape skins in Response to Field Screening and In Vitro Culture Irradiating Infrared radiation

To study the role of infrared (IR) radiation in the color change of the grape berry, field screening (IR−) and in vitro culture irradiation (IR+) were used. Acylated anthocyanin biosyntheses, including the biosynthesis of malvidin 3-O-glucoside, peonidin 3-O-glucoside, and their derivatives (acetylation and p-coumaroylation), were inhibited by IR–. IR+ promoted the biosynthesis of malvidin 3-O-glucoside and its derivatives, and IR+ inhibited the biosynthesis of peonidin 3-O-glucoside and its derivatives. WGCNA analysis revealed that the red module positively correlated with the flavonoid pathway. The hub genes were related to the anthocyanin pathway, including VvF3′5′H, VvANS, VvOMT1, VIT_18s0001g09400, and VvGST4.

Further, the results revealed that transcription factors like RLK-Pelle, MYB, and C2H2 families were involved in response to IR radiation. Therefore, these results provide a complete understanding of IR radiation in grape skin color formation and the prospect of using supplemental light to improve the overall color of berries.

Temperature, Light exposure, and uv radiation on the Grape BunchMapping Temperature, Light, and uv radiation of the Grape Bunch: Impacts on Fruit

Artemisiae Herba

protective effect of DA-9601, an Artemisiae Herba extract, on radiation–induced Colitis in Wistar Rats

This study was performed to examine the effects of DA-9601, a novel antiulcer agent extracted from Artemisiae Herba, on radiation colitis in the rat. Female Wistar rats received a 30 Gy dose of irradiation to the 2 cm of distal colon in length using an intrarectal applicator system. 30 mg/tg or 100 mg/kg of DA- 9601 was administered orally 30 min before and 4 h after radiation on day 1. And the same dose of DA-9601 was given to the animals twice a day from day 2 to 14.

As a reference control, sucralfate suspension (100 or 300 mg/head) was given as an enema based on the same treatment schedule of DA-9601. Body weight change and the frequency of diarrhea were recorded during the observation period as markers of radiationinduced injury, All animals were sacrificed on day 15 for evaluation of macro- and microscopic findings and mucosal myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Radiated animals showed diarrhea, mucosal redness and histologic changes characterized by edema and eosinophilic infiltration of the periglandular lamina propria with loss of colonic epithelium. radiation also significantly increased mucosal MfO activity of affected colon. However, most of these changes were completely protected by oral administration with DA-9601. DA-9601 reduced radiation–induced histologic alteration significantly in a dose-related manner (P<0.05). In addition, mucosal MPO activity in rats receiving high dose of DA-9601 decreased significantly when compared with that in radiated control. High dose of sucralfate (300 mg/head) alleviated radiation–induced histologic lesion, but failed to reach statistical significance.

The results of this study suggest that DA-9601 can be useful for the prevention of acute clinical symptoms of radiation proctocolitis and that decrease of mucosal MPO by DA-9601 plays a role in its protective mechanism(s), at least in part.

Favorable effect of DA-9601, an extract of Artemisiae herba, in animal models of inflammatory Bowel Disease

DA-9601 is an extract obtained from Artemisia asiatica, which has been reported to have anti-inflammatory effects on gastrointestinal lesions; however, its possible anti-inflammatory effects on the small intestine have not been studied yet. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the protective effects of DA-9601 against the ACF-induced small intestinal inflammation. inflammation of the small intestine was confirmed by histological studies and the changes in the CD4⁺ T cell fraction induced by the inflammation-related cytokines, and the inflammatory reactions were analyzed.

Multifocal discrete small necrotic ulcers with intervening normal mucosa were frequently observed after treatment with ACF. The expression of IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α genes was increased in the ACF group; however, it was found to have been significantly decreased in the DA-9601 treated group. In addition, DA-9601 significantly decreased the levels of proinflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, and TNF-α; the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, on the other hand, was observed to have increased. It is known that inflammatory mediators related to T cell imbalance and dysfunction continuously activate the inflammatory response, causing chronic tissue damage. The fractions of IFN-γ⁺ Th1 cells, IL-4⁺ Th2 cells, IL-9⁺ Th9 cells, IL-17⁺ Th17 cells, and Foxp3⁺ Treg cells were significantly decreased upon DA-9601 treatment.

These data suggest that the inflammatory response induced by ACF is reduced by DA-9601 via lowering of the expression of genes encoding the inflammatory cytokines and the concentration of inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, DA-9601 inhibited the acute inflammatory response mediated by T cells, resulting in an improvement in ACF-induced enteritis.

Astragalus membranaceus

Ultraviolet Radiation-Elicited Enhancement of Isoflavonoid Accumulation, Biosynthetic Gene Expression, and Antioxidant Activity in Astragalus membranaceus Hairy Root Cultures

In this work, Astragalus membranaceus hairy root cultures (AMHRCs) were exposed to ultraviolet radiation (uv-A, uv-B, and uv-C) for promoting isoflavonoid accumulation. The optimum enhancement for isoflavonoid production was achieved in 34-day-old AMHRCs elicited by 86.4 kJ/m² of uv-B. The resulting isoflavonoid yield was 533.54 ± 13.61 μg/g dry weight (DW), which was 2.29-fold higher relative to control (232.93 ± 3.08 μg/g DW). uv-B up-regulated the transcriptional expressions of all investigated genes involved in isoflavonoid biosynthetic pathway. PAL and C4H were found to be two potential key genes that controlled isoflavonoid biosynthesis. Moreover, a significant increase was noted in antioxidant activity of extracts from uv-B-elicited AMHRCs (IC₅₀ values = 0.85 and 1.08 mg/mL) in comparison with control (1.38 and 1.71 mg/mL).

Overall, this study offered a feasible elicitation strategy to enhance isoflavonoid accumulation in AMHRCs and also provided a basis for metabolic engineering of isoflavonoid biosynthesis in the future.

study on tissue culture and radiation mutation of Astragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao.

Objective: The research aimed to study the tissue culture technology and callus induction by radiation mutation of A. membranaceus Bge

Method: With the different parts of Astragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao aseptic seedling as explants (leaves, cotyledons, hypocotyls) induced callus, and cotyledon and hypocotyls taken by the method of radiation mutation were studied.[Result]The results showed that the three explants had relatively high callus induced rate in the medium which respectively made up of MS +6-BA 2.0 mg/L + NAA 2.0 mg/L,LS +6-BA 2.0 mg/L +NAA 0.1 mg/L,MS + 6-BA 2.0 mg/L + NAA 2.0 mg/L; the optimum mutation time of hypocotyls and cotyledons was 15 minutes; the growth of the callus induced from hypocotyls would be better as the mutation time increased, but when it reached a certain time the growth would be weaken, the induction rate also would be reduced.

Conclusion: This study will provide the scientific reference in tissue culture and mutation breeding of A. membranaceus Bge.

Traditional Chinese medicine in neuroprotection after brain insults with special reference to radioprotection

With rapidly increased construction of nuclear power plants worldwide to reduce energy shortage and subsequent environment contamination, routine use of radiotherapy and radiodiagnosis equipment in the clinical medicine, the research on the health effect of radiation exposure has become a very important area to explore.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) may be an ideal candidate therapy as it usually produces fewer side effects even with long-term administration. In this paper, we reviewed current therapeutic approaches to prevent radiation–induced brain neuropathological and functional changes. neuroprotective effects of TCM in different brain injury models have been briefly summarized. We then reviewed the neuroprotective and radioprotective effect of TCM in different radiation exposure models and discussed the potential molecular mechanism(s) of the neuroprotective and radioprotective effect of TCM.

Auricularia auricula

radiation protection of Carboxymethylation of an acid polysaccharides extracted from Auricularia auricula against UVB in vitro

This paper reports on a water-soluble acid polysaccharide (AAP) and in how it was extracted from Auricularia auricular, acquired by CTAB, and prepared it’s carboxymethylation. Chemical characterization by high-performance liquid chromatography/gel permeation chromatograph (HPLC/GPC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer and gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometer (GC–MS) were investigated.

Chemical analysis indicated that C AAAP was composed of arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose and galactose, with the molar ratio at 0.04: 0.13: 1.00: 0.59: 0.29. Moreover, radiation protection against UVB in vitro indicated that at the dose range of 200–500 μg/mL, C AAAP enhanced the protection of HepG2 cells against UVB cytotoxicity than AAAP. However, but at the dose range of 50–150 μg/mL the result was just opposite.

The radioprotective effect of polyphenols From Pinecones of Pinus koraiensis and Their Synergistic effect With Auricularia auricula‐judae (Bull.) J. Schröt …

The objectives of this work are to investigate the protective effect of polyphenols from pinecones of Pinus koraiensis (PPPK) on damage caused by radiation in mice, and to test for its potential synergism with Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) J. Schröt Polysaccharides (AAP). Male mice are administered for 30 days prior to radiation, and the combination index (CI) is used for the synergistic effect analysis. The results show that PPPK exhibited significant radioprotective effects compared with radiation group (P < 0.01); PPPK in combination with AAP had higher anti-radiation effects, as evident by improved white blood cells (P < 0.01), organ indexes (P < 0.05 or 0.01), splenic lymphocytes proliferation activity (P < 0.01), bone marrow DNA content (P < 0.01), and monocyte phagocytic activity (P < 0.05), relative to other groups; the combination also reduced bone marrow micronucleus rate (P < 0.01) and chromosome distortion rate (P < 0.01).

These data for the first time demonstrated the radioprotective effect of PPPK and its synergistic effect with AAP.

Azadirachta indica

prevention of UVB radiation–induced oxidative stress in mice by topical administration of Azadirachta indica (neem) extract

Neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss. fam. Meliaceae) has been extensively employed to combat diverse pathologies. Moreover, it has been described that its leaf extract present anticarcinogenic action. Thus, the neem extract (NE) chemical and antioxidant properties was evaluated, and also, the capacity of two dermatological formulations incorporated with neem extract (F1 and F2) to avoid oxidative UVB–induced skin injury in hairless mice. NE constituents were investigated and free radical scavenging ability were determined by different methods in vitro. skin from mice treated with F1 and F2 and submitted to UVB radiation were tested for different parameters of inflammation and oxidative injury. results show that the NE polyphenol and flavonoid content were 135.30 and 37.12mg/g, respectively. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results demonstrated the existence of azarachtin, rutin, ursolic acid and tannic acid. NE presented scavenging ability by ABTS radical, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), inhibition of lipid peroxidation and iron chelation.

In vivo, it was observed that mice treated with F1 and F2 showed amelioration of the inflammation by reducing UVB induced skin edema. However, only samples from animals treated with F1 had lower neutrophil recruitment (measured by myeloperoxidase activity), and returning the oxidative status to baseline levels in parameters such as reduced glutathione level, ferric reducing ability (FRAP), and scavenging of free radical (ABTS). Concluding, NE demonstrated a good antioxidant property in vitro, and the data suggest the use of NE added F1 to prevent skin damage caused by UVB irradiation.

Holistic care approach for the effective management of severe radiation dermatitis using neem (Azadirachta indica) and honey after head–and-neck …

Head and neck cancer is the eighth common type among all cancer types around the world. Its treatment comprises surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and /or a combination of restoration therapy and social support Conventional fraction size ranges from 1.8 to 3 Grays (Gy) per fraction over 4–6 weeks. The accumulative dose of radiation for the primary treatment of head and neck cancer treatment is 60 to 70 Gy, depending on the irradiation of the tumor.

Ionizing Radiotherapy is used along with concurrent chemotherapy which is the standard treatment in locally advanced head and neck cancers. radiation treatment is commonly delivered in the form of high energy photons through an external beam. These results in ionization of electrons that cause direct strand breaks of cellular DNA and the release of free radicals, resulting in cellular damage to both normal and tumor cells. radiation disrupts the normal process of wound healing at various stages.

Development of a new method to prepare nano-/microparticles loaded with extracts of Azadirachta indica, their characterization and use in controlling Plutella …

Biodegradable nanoparticles have been widely explored as carriers for controlled delivery of therapeutic molecules; however, studies describing the development of nanoparticles as carriers for biopesticide products are few. In this work, a new method to prepare nanoparticles loaded with neem (Azadirachta indica) extracts is presented. In this study, nanoparticles were formulated as colloidal suspension and (spray-dried) powder and characterized by evaluating pH, particle size, zeta potential, morphology, absolute recovery, and entrapment efficiency. A high-performance liquid chromatography method was used for nanoparticle characterization. The best formulations presented absolute recovery and entrapment efficiencies of approximately 100% and a release profile based on swelling and relaxation of the polymer or polymer erosion. The biological data of the formulated products against Plutella xylostella showed 100% larval mortality.

The nanoparticle information improved the stability of neem products against ultraviolet radiation and increased their dispersion in the aqueous phase.

Bamboo leaf

Bamboo leaf extract ameliorates radiation induced genotoxicity: An in vitro study of chromosome aberration assay

radioprotective effect of plant Phyllostachys parvifolia (bamboo) leaves on radiation induced genome damage: an invitro cytogenetic study. Paper no. RC-48

Leaves of Bamboo species are rich sources of antioxidants. Many papers have reported that antioxidant fraction of bamboo leaves are used to treat many free radial mediated diseases. The present study was undertaken to examine the radio protective effect of the hydro alcoholic leaf extract of Phyllostachysparvifolia against gamma radiation (5gy) induced genomic damage in cultured human peripheral lymphocytes by cytokinesis blocked micronucleus assay.

effect of Phyllostachys parvifolia leaf extract on ionizing radiation–induced genetic damage: A preliminary in vitro cytogenetic study

The ionizing radiation is a known carcinogen as well as cancer therapeutic agent however, the side effect on normal tissue is a limiting factor and inadequate doses necessitates search for an ideal radioprotective agent. Bamboo species are rich source of antioxidants hence have therapeutic value in many free radical mediated diseases. This is the first report regarding in vitro protective effect of bamboo leaf extract against radiation induced genetic damage in human peripheral blood lymphocytes by cytokinesis blocked micronuclei (CBMN) assay. Fresh whole blood was exposed to 5Gy of cobalt-6o gamma radiation with or without 30 min pre-treatment with 3 μl and 5 μl of hydro alcoholic leaf extract of Phyllostachys parvifolia.

In addition to whole extract the effect of potential active compound orientin was also assessed. The frequency of radiation induced micronuclei decreased significantly in a dose dependent manner following treatment with whole extract as well as orientin. The extent of reduction in micronuclei frequency was higher with whole bamboo leaf extract as compared to orientin alone.

Blueberry anthocyanins

Cytosolic protection against ultraviolet induced DNA damage by blueberry anthocyanins and anthocyanidins in hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells

Uv–induced DNA damage plays a key role in the etiology of certain diseases. The ability of blueberry anthocyanins and anthocyanidins (BA) to protect cellular DNA from uv–induced damage was investigated. BA were extracted by water (BAW), ethanol (BAE) or methanol (BAM). These extracts partially restored proliferation of uv–irradiated HepG2 cells as shown by MTT assay. Treatment with BA extracts at 75 μg/ml decreased reactive oxygen species and decreased DNA damage by tail moment of comet assay and expression of γH2AX in situ. BAM significantly decreased gene and protein expression of p53, phospho-p53 (Ser15), and p21 in uv–irradiated HepG2 cells. BA thus efficiently protects cells from DNA damage in vitro. Blueberry may potentially be used as a good source of naturally radioprotective agents.

radioprotective effects of blueberry on the liver of radiation irradiated rats

radiation were seriously damaged on liver functions. Blueberry was fruits that contains Vit A, Vit c, Vit E, follic acid, $\beta$-carotene, and anthocyanin. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protection effects of blueberry the liver functions. irradiation dose was used to 4 Gy (Linac 6 Mev) X-ray treatment device Experiment animals was used to 7 rats in each groups. It was investigated liver functions that contains TP, ALB, GLOB, ALT, ALKP and CHOL. We showed that Blueberry was not recovery effects on radiation–induced liver functions. But, Statistically significant value was showed ALB (p>0.01) and ALT (p>0.1). It was concluded that blueberry was not used to recovery materials on radiation–induced liver functions.

Blueberry anthocyanins ameliorate radiation–induced lung injury through the protein kinase RNA-activated pathway

The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of blueberry anthocyanins (BA) on radiation–induced lung injury and investigate the mechanism of action. Seven days after BA(20 and 80 mg/kg/d)administration, 6 weeks old male Sprague–Dawley rats rats were irradiated by LEKTA precise linear accelerator at a single dose of 20 Gy only once. and the rats were continuously treated with BA for 4 weeks. Moreover, human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (HPAEpiC) were transfected with either control-siRNA or siRNA targeting protein kinase R (PKR). cells were then irradiated and treated with 75 μg/mL BA for 72 h.

The results showed that BA significantly ameliorated radiation–induced lung inflammation, lung collagen deposition, apoptosis and PKR expression and activation. In vitro, BA significantly protected cells from radiation–induced cell death through modulating expression of Bcl-2, Bax and Caspase-3. Suppression of PKR by siRNA resulted in ablation of BA protection on radiation–induced cell death and modulation of anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic proteins, as well as Caspase-3 expression. These findings suggest that BA is effective in ameliorating radiation–induced lung injury, likely through the PKR signaling pathway.

Boerhaavia diffusa

Studies on the protective effects of Boerhaavia diffusa L. Against gamma radiation—induced damage in Mice

The radioprotective effect of the hydro-alcoholic extract of Boerhaavia diffusa was studied using the in vivo mice model. The sublethally irradiated mice (600 rads, single dose) were treated intraperitoneally with 20 mg/kg of the extract. The animals were sacrificed at different time periods after the whole-body radiation. The most affected tissues—bone marrow and intestine—were considerably protected by the intraperitoneal administration of B. diffusa as estimated by bone marrow cellularity, maturing monocytes, and intestinal glutathione. Total white blood cell count was lowered drastically after radiation exposure (ninth day, 1500 ± 500 cells/ mm3). When the animals were exposed to radiation and treated with B. diffusa, the total white blood cell count was lowered only to 4000 ± 400 cells/mm3 on the third day, and it reached an almost normal level (6250 ± 470 cells/mm 3) by the ninth day. The elevated level of serum and liver alkaline phosphatase after radiation exposure was reduced in the B. diffusa—treated group.

The serum and liver glutamate pyruvAte transferase, which were elevated after radiation exposure, were also reduced by treatment with B. diffusa compared to the control. The lipid peroxidation level also increased in the irradiated animals both in the liver and serum, but in B. diffusa —treated animals, there was a significant reduction in lipid peroxidation levels. The agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA isolated from bone marrow of mice exposed to gamma radiation showed heavy damage that was reduced by treatment with B. diffusa. These results are indicative of the radioprotective effect of the whole-plant extract of B. diffusa.

Bonnemaisonia hamifera

An Ethanol extract Derived from Bonnemaisonia hamifera Scavenges ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation–induced reactive oxygen species and Attenuates UVB–induced …

The present study investigated the photoprotective properties of an ethanol extract derived from the red alga Bonnemaisonia hamifera against ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced cell damage in human HaCaT keratinocytes. The Bonnemaisonia hamifera ethanol extract (BHE) scavenged the superoxide anion generated by the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system and the hydroxyl radical generated by the Fenton reaction (FeSO₄ + H₂O₂), both of which were detected by using electron spin resonance spectrometry. In addition, BHE exhibited scavenging activity against the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) that were induced by either hydrogen peroxide or UVB radiation. BHE reduced UVB–induced apoptosis, as shown by decreased apoptotic body formation and DNA fragmentation. BHE also attenuated DNA damage and the elevated levels of 8-isoprostane and protein carbonyls resulting from UVB-mediated oxidative stress. Furthermore, BHE absorbed electromagnetic radiation in the UVB range (280–320 nm). These results suggest that BHE protects human HaCaT keratinocytes against UVB–induced oxidative damage by scavenging ROS and absorbing UVB photons, thereby reducing injury to cellular components.

potential applications of radioprotective phytochemicals from marine algae

The use of ionizing radiation and radioactive elements is becoming increasingly popular with the rapid developments in nuclear technology, radiotherapy, and radio diagnostic methods. However, ionizing radiation can directly or indirectly cause life-threatening complications such as cancer, radiation burns, and impaired immunity. Environmental contamination with radioactive elements and the depletion of ozone layer also contribute to the increased levels of radiation exposure. radioprotective natural products have particularly received attention for their potential usefulness in counteracting radiation–induced damage because of their reduced toxicity compared with most drugs currently in use. Moreover, radioprotective substances are used as ingredients in cosmetic formulations in order to provide protection against ultraviolet radiation.

Over the past few decades, the exploration of marine algae has revealed the presence of radioprotective phytochemicals, such as phlorotannins, polysaccharides, carotenoids and other compounds. With their promising radioprotective effects, marine algae could be a future source for discovering potential radioprotective substances for development as useful in therapeutics.

Broken Ganoderma lucidum spores powder

radioprotective effect of Ganoderma Lucidum (Leyss, ex. Fr.) Karst after X-ray irradiation in Mice

Six to seven week old male mice of ICR strain were exposed to 500 or 650 cGy of X-ray during experiments to determine if Ganoderma lucidumcould be a factor in modification of radiation damage. Continuous intraperitoneal injection of the extract from Ganoderma lucidum before of after irradiation of 500 or 650 cGy of X-ray was found to improve the 30-day survival fractions of ICR mice, but wasn’t significant by statistical analysis.

The administration also enhanced the recoveries of the body weights and increased the recovery of hemograms of irradiated mice from radiation damage by injecting before or after radiation exposure, especially for the treatment of 500 cGy irradiation. The 10-day CFUs was significantly higher for Ganoderma lucidum treated groups than for untreated groups. However, the differences of radioprotective effect between the X-ray irradiated groups with Ganoderma lucidum pretreated and post-treated were not significant (p>0.05).

radioprotective effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on irradiated mice

radiation can cause multiple damages to tissues and organs.This study aimed to explore the protec-tive effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides ( GLPs) against the 60 Co-γray radiation injury in mice and provide an experimental basis for the clinical use of GLPs. Methods One hundred mice were randomly divided into five groups of equal number normal control, gavage control, radiation control, high-dose GLPs, and low-dose GLPs.Models of radiation injury were made in the mice by whole-body exposure to 60 Co-γrays.Three days before and after mod-eling, the animals in the high-dose and low-dose GLPs groups were given GLPs intragastrically at the dose of 100 and 50 mg/kg respec-tively, once daily for 14 days.Then the 30 day survival rate and sur-vival time of the model mice were recorded and the changes in the pe-ripheral blood index, spleen index, and serum superoxide dismutase( SOD) activity were observed. results GLPs significantly increased the 30-day survival rate and the mean survival time of the mouse models (P<0.05), decreased the reduction of WBC count in the peripheral blood, and shortened the time of WBC restoration ( P<0.05 ).

Furthermore, GLPs obviously improved the spleen index and SOD activity of the Co-γray irradiated animals. Conclusion GLPs, with a significant anti-radiation effect, can effectively raise the survival rate of the mice exposed to a lethal dose of 60 Co-γrays, reduce radiation injury to WBC and platelets, and increase the activity of SOD in irradiated mice.

radioprotective and Anticancer Efficacies of Ganoderma Lucidum in a Mouse tumor Model

Conclusion: Collectively, these results demonstrate the antitumor and radioprotective efficacies of GL, which are likely mediated by protection against oxidative stress and preservation of immune cell populations.

Brownea grandiceps (Jacq.)

protective effects of Brownea grandiceps (Jacq.) against ϒ-radiation–induced enteritis in rats in relation to its secondary metabolome fingerprint

radiation enteritis is the most common complication of radiotherapy in patients with pelvic malignancies. Thus, the radioprotective activity of the total hydro-alcoholic extract (BGE) and the ethyl acetate soluble fraction (EAF) of Brownea grandiceps leaves was evaluated against ϒ–radiation–induced enteritis in rats. (BGE) and (EAF) were characterized using HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS analysis. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also quantified. In vivo administration of (BGE) (400 mg/kg) and (EAF) (200 & 400 mg/kg) prevented intestinal injury and maintained the mucosal integrity of irradiated rats through increasing villi length and promoting crypt regeneration. Also, (EAF) showed more potent antioxidant activity than (BGE) through reduction of MDA level and enhancement of GSH content and catalase enzyme activity. (BGE) and (EAF) down-regulated intestinal NF-κB expression leading to diminished expression of downstream inflammatory cytokine TNF-α.

Moreover, (EAF) markedly reduced the expression of profibrotic marker TGF-β1. Seventy-nine compounds were tentatively identified, including flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, polar lipids and phenolic acids. (EAF) showed significantly higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents, as compared to (BGE). results revealed remarkable radioprotective activity of (BGE) and (EAF), with significantly higher activity for (EAF). The chemical constituents of (BGE) and (EAF) strongly supported their radioprotective activity. To the best of our knowledge, the present study describes for the first time the radioprotective activity of B. grandiceps leaves in relation to its secondary metabolome fingerprint; emphasizing the great promise of B. grandiceps leaves, especially (EAF), to be used as natural radio-protective agent.

Caffeic acid

radioprotective effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on the brain tissue in rats who underwent total-head irradiation

In this study, we evaluated whether caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) has a radioprotective effect on the damage in the rat brain tissue induced by gamma radiation, considering that it may inhibit the ionizing radiation damage.

Methods: A total of 36 Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into four groups to test the radioprotective effect of CAPE administered by intraperitoneal injection. An appropriate control group was also studied. On day 11, the brain tissue of all rats was removed and homogenized in phosphate buffer, and the total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), paraoxonase (PON), arylesterase (ARE), ceruloplasmin (CER), lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH), and total-SH parameters were measured to determine if CAPE had a protective effect.

Results: The ARE and PON activity and the total-SH level were statistically increased compared to the IR group, whereas the LOOH, TOS, and OSI levels were significantly decreased.

Conclusion: The data obtained in the study suggest that the CAPE administration prior to irradiation may prevent the irradiation brain damage.

The long-lasting radioprotective effect of caffeic acid in mice exposed to total body irradiation by modulating reactive oxygen species generation and …

Total body irradiation (TBI) serves as an effectively curative therapy for cancer patients and adversely causes long-term residual bone marrow (BM) injury with premature senescence of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which is mediated by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the present study, we investigated how the exposure time of TBI in a mouse model affects HSCs and whether the treatment of caffeic acid (CA), a known dietary phenolic antioxidant, has a radioprotective effect. Single (S)-TBI at a sublethal dose (5 Gy) caused relatively higher induction of mitochondrial ROS and senescence-related factors in HSCs than those in hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) and Lineage^–Sca-1⁺c-Kit⁺ (LSK) cells, as well as reduced clonogenic formation and donor cell-derived reconstituting capacity. Repetitive double (D)-TBI (two months after the S-TBI at a dose of 5Gy) further weakened HSPC function via mitochondrial ROS accumulation and senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity.

Oral administration of CA (20 mg/kg) five times before and once immediately after TBI ameliorated ROS generation and TBI-induced HSC senescence and its radioprotective effect was long lasting in S-TBI mice but not in D-TBI mice. Further, supplementation of CA also induced apoptotic cell death of colon cancer cells.

Collectively, these findings indicate that CA has a dual effect, ameliorating HSC senescence-accompanied long-term BM injury in S-TBI mice and stimulating apoptotic cell death of colon cancer cells.

radioprotective effects of propolis and caffeic acid phenethyl ester on the tongue-tissues of total-head irradiated rats

The radioprotective effects of propolis and caffeic acid phenethyl ester on radiation–induced oxidative/nitrosative stress in brain tissue

Head and neck cancer patients treated with radiotherapy suffer severe side effects during and following their treatment. Efforts to decrease toxicity of irradiation to normal tissue, organs and cells have led to searching for cytoprotective agent. Investigations for effective and non-toxic compounds with radioprotective capability led to increasing interest in antioxidant such as Propolis and Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE). The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and radioprotective effects of Propolis and CAPE on radiation–induced oxidative/nitrosative stress in the brain tissue. Fourty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups. Group 1 (irradiation (IR) + Propolis) received total cranium irradiation and propolis was given orally through an orogastric tube daily. Group 2 (IR+CAPE) received total cranium irradiation plus CAPE, was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) just before giving to the rats, intraperitoneally (IP) every day. Group 3 (IR) received 5 Gy of gamma irradiation as a single dose to total cranium plus 1 ml saline daily. Group 4 received daily plain DMSO. Group 5 received daily plain saline. At the end of the 10 day time period, xanthine oxidase (XO), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activities, nitric oxide (NO^●) and peroxynitrite (ONOO^–) levels were significantly higher in IR group compared to all other groups.

In conclusion, the results suggest the radioprotective ability of Propolis and CAPE involving prevention of radiation–induced oxidative/nitrosative damage.

calendula officinalis flowers

antioxidant capacity of calendula officinalis flowers extract and prevention of radiation induced oropharyngeal mucositis in patients with head and neck …

This study was designed to determine the effect of Calendula officinalis flowers extract mouthwash as oral gel on radiation–induced oropharyngeal mucositis (OM) in patients with head-and-neck cancer. Forty patients with neck and head cancers under radiotherapy or concurrent chemoradiotherapy protocols were randomly assigned to receive either 2% calendula extract mouthwash or placebo (20 patients in each group). Patients were treated with telecobalt radiotherapy at conventional fractionation (200 cGy/fraction, five fractions weekly, 30–35 fractions within 4–7 weeks). The oropharyngeal mucositis was evaluated by two clinical investigators (a radiation oncologist and a dentist), using the oral mucositis assessment scale (OMAS). Trying to find out the possible mechanism of action of the treatment, total antioxidant, polyphenol and flavonoid contents, and quercetin concentration of the mouth wash were measured. Calendula mouthwash significantly decreased the intensity of OM compared to placebo at week 2 (score: 5.5 vs. 6.8, p = 0.019), week 3 (score: 8.25 vs. 10.95, p < 0.0001) and week 6 (score: 11.4 vs. 13.35, p = 0.031).

Total antioxidant, polyphenol and flavonoid contents and quercetin concentration of the 2% extract were 2353.4 ± 56.5 μM, 313.40 ± 6.52 mg/g, 76.66 ± 23.24 mg/g, and 19.41 ± 4.34 mg/l, respectively. Calendula extract gel could be effective on decreasing the intensity of radiotherapy- induced OM during the treatment and antioxidant capacity may be partly responsible for the effect.

Anti Oxidant Capacity of Calendula Officinalis Flowers extract and prevention of radiation induced Oropharyngeal Mucositis in Patients with Head and Neck cancers …

To determine the effect of Calendula officinalis flower extract mouthwash as gel formulation on radiation–induced oropharyngeal mucositis (OM) in patients with head-and-neck cancer. Forty patients with neck and head cancers who were treated with radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy were randomly assigned to receive either 2% calendula extract mouthwash or placebo (20 patients in each group). The subjects were treated with telecobalt radiotherapy at conventional fractionation (2 Gy/fraction, five fractions weekly, 20–35 fractions within 4–7 weeks). Oropharyngeal mucositis was evaluated by two doctors (a radiation oncologist and a dentist), using the oral mucositis assessment scale (OMAS). The patients also received concurrent chemotherapy. Calendula mouthwash significantly decreased the intensity of OM compared to placebo at week 2 (score: 5.5 vs. 6.8, p = 0.019), week 3 (score: 8.25 vs. 10.95, p < 0.0001) and week 6 (score: 11.4 vs. 13.35, p = 0.031).

Total antioxidant, polyphenol and flavonoid contents and quercetin concentration of the 1% extract were 2353.4 ± 56.5 µM, 76.66 ± 23.24, 313.40 ± 6.52 mg/g and 19.41 ± 4.34 mg/l, respectively. Calendula extract gel could be effective on decreasing the intensity of radiotherapy- induced OM during the treatment and antioxidant capacitiy may be partly responsibe for the effect.

efficacy of topical Calendula officinalis on prevalence of radiation‐induced dermatitis: A randomised controlled trial

Camellia sinensis

Studies on black tea (Camellia sinensis) extract as a potential antioxidant and a probable radioprotector

Positive health effects of tea (Camellia sinensis) on a wide range of physiological problems and diseases are well known and are in part due to its copious antioxidant content. The effect of black tea extract (BTE), which is rich in polyphenolic antioxidants, against the consequences of radiation exposure has not been properly identified. The functional properties of BTE were analyzed and its radioprotective effect on V79 cells was explored in the present study. BTE scavenged free radicals and inhibited Fenton reaction-mediated 2-deoxyribose degradation and lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent fashion, establishing its antioxidant properties.

The radioprotective effects of BTE on strand break induction in pBR322 plasmid DNA were 100 % at 80 μg/ml and higher. In V79 cells, BTE was effective in decreasing the frequency of radiation–induced micronucleated cells and the yields of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and also in restoring the integrity of cellular mitochondrial membrane potential significantly. BTE exerted maximum protection against radiation–induced damage in V79 at a dose of 5 μg/ml. Due to the functional properties of BTE-flavonoids, which have been identified by HPLC, it is envisaged that the key player in radioprotection is elimination of ROS.

Evaluation of the protective effect of Ilex paraguariensis and Camellia sinensis extracts on the prevention of oxidative damage caused by ultraviolet radiation

We evaluated the effects green and mate teas on oxidative and DNA damages in rats exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Were utilized 70 adult male Wistar rats that received daily oral or topic green or mate tea treatment during exposed to radiation by seven days. After, animals were killed by decapitation. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive species levels, protein oxidative damage were evaluated in skin and DNA damage in blood. Our results show that the rats exposed to ultraviolet radiation presented DNA damage in blood and increased protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation in skin. Oral and topic treatment with green tea and mate tea prevented lipid peroxidation, both treatments with mate tea also prevented DNA damage. However, only topic treatment with green tea and mate tea prevented increases in protein carbonylation.

Our findings contribute to elucidate the beneficial effects of green tea and mate tea, here in demonstrated by the antioxidant and antigenotoxic properties presented by these teas.

Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.

effect of a chamomile extract in protecting against radiation‐induced intestinal mucositis

Compounds that prevent radiation–induced mucositis may offer new therapeutic strategies for maintaining intestinal integrity in patients undergoing radiotherapy. A specially formulated chamomile extract was studied with the hope of proving efficacy in this regard. Intestinal mucositis was induced in rats by exposing them to whole body gamma–irradiation. Rats were treated orally with the extract for 5 days before and 2 days after radiation exposure. One day later, rats were sacrificed. Histological examination of segments of small intestine showed shortening and fusion of villi, activation of mucus secreting glands, inflammatory cell infiltration of lamina propria, and mucosal atrophy. Intestinal homogenates showed an increase in tumor necrosis factor, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, and myeloperoxidase, an indicator of cellular infiltration, as well as in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and a reduction in glutathione content. Intestinal injury was further evidenced by an increase in diamine oxidase and a reduction in citrulline levels in the serum. A rise in apoptosis was evidenced by an increase in cytosolic cytochrome c, caspase-3, and depletion of mitochondrial B-cell lymphoma-2/ Bax ratio.

Most histological changes and associated derangement in related parameters were largely prevented by the chamomile extract, thus paving the way to a new therapeutic approach towards the management of radiation–induced intestinal mucositis.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of Matricaria recutita Linn. in the prevention and control of radiation–induced oral mucositis

Conclusion: Chamomile had no prophylactic effect on the onset of oral mucositis, but it was proven to be effective in decreasing the severity of this condition during treatment in most patients

effect of gamma radiation on antioxidant capacity of green tea, yerba mate, and chamomile tea as evaluated by different methods

Tea is a traditional plant extract with important cultural ties. It is the most widely consumed beverage in the world. Tea consumption has some health benefits including antioxidant stimulus. gamma radiation is currently used to control of postharvest pathogens on tea herb. However, free radicals can be generated, which consumes antioxidant molecules. A positive relation was found between radiation doses used and free radicals generation in green tea (Camellia sinensis), yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis), and chamomile tea (Matricaria recutita).

Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of aqueous and methanol extracts of these herbs was determined by various methods to compare the effect of irradiation of herb on antioxidant capacity of the extracts. TAC was evaluated by measuring: total phenols (decreased with irradiation in mate and green teas), total flavonoids (stable in aqueous extracts and decreased with irradiation in methanol extract of mate and chamomile), Trolox equivalent or ABTS (unchanged under irradiation), DPPH* scavenging capacity (stable on aqueous extract but diminished in methanol extract after irradiation), β carotene/acid linoleic ability (stable with the exception of chamomile tea that increased after irradiation) and, capacity to chelate ferrous ions (unchanged with irradiation). In conclusion, gamma irradiation reduced the capacity of some antioxidants but preserved the capacity of others.

This study showed that one isolated test does not suffice to perform this evaluation reliably, which is a reflection of the diversity and complexity of the effects of irradiation on antioxidant molecules present in different samples.

Chrysanthemum indicum L.

Wild chrysanthemum extract prevents UVB radiation–induced acute cell death and photoaging

Wild chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum indicum L.) is traditionally used in folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory agent. It is also used in the southwest plateau region of China to prevent ultraviolet–induced skin damage. However, the role and mechanism by which wild chrysanthemum prevents uv–induced skin damage and photoaging have never been investigated in vitro. In the present study, we found that aqueous extracts from wild chrysanthemum strongly reduced high-dose UVB–induced acute cell death of human immortalized keratinocytic HaCat cells. Wild chrysanthemum extract was also demonstrated to reduce low-dose UVB–induced expression of the photoaging-related matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9. The ROS level elevated by UVB irradiation was strongly attenuated by wild chrysanthemum extract.

Further study revealed that wild chrysanthemum extract reduced UVB-triggered ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation and their protective role, which is partially dependent on inhibiting p38 activation. These results suggest that wild chrysanthemum extract can protect the skin from UVB–induced acute skin damage and photoaging by reducing the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and inhibiting p38 MAPK phosphorylation. The present study confirmed the protective role of wild chrysanthemum against uv–induced skin disorders in vitro and indicated the possible mechanism.

Further study to identify the active components in wild chrysanthemum extract would be useful for developing new drugs for preventing and treating skin diseases, including skin cancer and photoaging, induced by uv irradiation.

protective effect of Super-Critical Carbon Dioxide Fluid extract from Flowers and Buds of Chrysanthemum indicum Linnén Against ultraviolet–induced Photo-aging in

It is known that solar ultraviolet (uv) radiation to human skin causes photo-aging, including increases in skin thickness and wrinkle formation and reduction in skin elasticity. uv radiation induces damage to skin mainly by superfluous reactive oxygen species and chronic low-grade inflammation, which eventually up-regulate the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In this study, the super-critical carbon dioxide extract from flowers and buds of Chrysanthemum indicum Linnén (CI_SCFE), which has been reported to possess free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory properties, was investigated for its photo-protective effect by topical application on the skin of mice.

Moreover, CI_SCFE effectively suppressed the uv–induced increase in skin thickness and wrinkle grading in a dose-dependent manner, which was correlated with the inhibition of loss of collagen fiber content and epidermal thickening. Furthermore, we observed that CI_SCFE could obviously decrease uv–induced skin inflammation by inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β [IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α), alleviate the abnormal changes of anti-oxidative indicators (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase), and down-regulate the levels of MMP-1 and MMP-3.

The results indicated that CI_SCFE was a novel photo-protective agent from natural resources against uv irradiation.

Chrysophyllum cainito L

Modulatory effects of Chrysophyllum cainito L. extract on gamma radiation induced oxidative stress in rats

This study aimed to evaluate the possibility of using the crude methanolic extract of Chrysophyllum cainito L. leaves (C. cainito L.); as a source of natural antioxidant compounds; to compensate the oxidative stress induced by ionizing radiation exposure in male rats. Phytochemical investigations of C. cainito L. leaves extract led to the isolation of phytocobstituents such as: Gallic acid (1), together with six flavonoids; 3^//Galloyl myrecetrin (2), Rutin (3), Quercetrin (4), Myrecetrin (5), Myricetin (6), and Quercetin (7). In addition to two triterpenoids; β –amyrin (8), and Lupeol (9). All metabolites were isolated for the first time from the genus Chrysophyllum. The structures were determined by spectroscopic methods (uv, ESI-MS, ¹H and ¹³CNMR).

These compounds reflected its beneficial effect to ameliorate the alterations induced by γ-irradiation via the adjustment of the antioxidant status, decreasing of MDA level, and an improvement in liver, kidney functions and lipid profile, as well as histological alterations of liver were reduced. We can conclude that C. cainito L. extract reduces the liver and kidney toxicity induced by exposure to gamma radiation.

Clerodendron infortunatum

Mitigation of whole-body gamma radiation–induced damages by Clerodendron infortunatum in mammalian organisms

Several phytoceuticals and extracts of medicinal plants are reported to mitigate deleterious effects of ionizing radiation. The potential of hydro-alcoholic extract of Clerodendron infortunatum (CIE) for providing protection to mice exposed to gamma radiation was investigated. Oral administration of CIE bestowed a survival advantage to mice exposed to lethal doses of gamma radiation. radiation–induced depletion of the total blood count and bone marrow cellularity were prevented by treatment with CIE. damage to the cellular DNA (as was evident from the comet assay and the micronucleus index) was also found to be decreased upon CIE administration.

radiation–induced damages to intestinal crypt cells was also reduced by CIE. Studies on gene expression in intestinal cells revealed that there was a marked increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in mice exposed to whole-body 4 Gy gamma radiation, and that administration of CIE resulted in significant lowering of this ratio, suggestive of reduction of radiation–induced apoptosis. Also, in the intestinal tissue of irradiated animals, following CIE treatment, levels of expression of the DNA repair gene Atm were found to be elevated, and there was reduction in the expression of the inflammatory Cox-2 gene.

Thus, our results suggest a beneficial use of Clerodendron infortunatum for mitigating radiation toxicity.

prevention of ionizing radiation induced damages by Clerodendron infortunatum

Several phytoceuticals and extracts of medicinal plants are reported to mitigate deleterious effects of ionizing radiation. The potential of hydro-alcoholic extract of Clerodendron infortunatum (CIE) was investigated for providing protection to mice exposed to gamma radiation. Oral administration of CIE bestowed survival advantage to mice exposed to lethal doses of gamma–radiation. The radiation – induced depletion of total blood count and bone marrow cellularity were prevented by treatment with CIE. The damage to cellular DNA, as evidenced from comet assay, and micronucleus index was also found to be decreased upon CIE administration. radiation induced damages to intestinal crypt cells was also reduced by CIE. Studies on gene expression in intestinal cells revealed that there was a marked increase in bax/bcl-2 ratio in mice exposed to whole body 4 Gy gamma radiation and administration of CIE resulted in significant lowering of this ratio, suggestive of reduction of radiation induced apoptosis.

Levels of expression of the DNA repair gene, atm was found to be elevated along with a reduction in the inflammatory cox-2 following CIE treatment in the intestinal tissue of irradiated animals. Thus the results suggest the beneficial use of Clerodendron infortunatum for mitigating radiation toxicity.

Codonopsis pilosula

Traditional Chinese medicine in neuroprotection after brain insults with special reference to radioprotection

With rapidly increased construction of nuclear power plants worldwide to reduce energy shortage and subsequent environment contamination, routine use of radiotherapy and radiodiagnosis equipment in the clinical medicine, the research on the health effect of radiation exposure has become a very important area to explore. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) may be an ideal candidate therapy as it usually produces fewer side effects even with long-term administration. In this paper, we reviewed current therapeutic approaches to prevent radiation–induced brain neuropathological and functional changes.

neuroprotective effects of TCM in different brain injury models have been briefly summarized. We then reviewed the neuroprotective and radioprotective effect of TCM in different radiation exposure models and discussed the potential molecular mechanism(s) of the neuroprotective and radioprotective effect of TCM. The conclusions and future research directions were made in the last part of the paper.

crocetin from gardenia fruit

A strategy for attenuation of acute radiation–induced lung injury using crocetin from gardenia fruit

protective effects of crocetin against radiation–induced injury in intestinal epithelial cells

Background and Aims: treatment options for radiation–induced intestinal injury (RIII) are limited. Crocetin has been demonstrated to exert antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects on various diseases. Here, we investigate the effects of crocetin on RIII in vitro.

Materials and Method: IEC-6 cells exposed to 10 Gy of radiation were treated with different doses of crocetin (0, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μM), and cell viability was assessed by CCK-8. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in culture supernatants were measured using colorimetric and ELISA kits, respectively. cellular apoptosis was evaluated by Annexin V/PI double staining.

Results: Crocetin dose-dependently improved the survival of irradiated IEC-6 cells with the optimal dose of 10 μM, as indicated by the reduction of cellular apoptosis, decreased levels of MDA, MPO, and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-γ), and increased activities of antioxidative enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GPx).

Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that crocetin alleviated radiation–induced injury in intestinal epithelial cells, offering a promising agent for radioprotection.

radiation and crocetin therapy for cancer

This thesis is concerned with the effect of crocetin on the radiosensitivity of cancer. It is also concerned with a study of the mechanism of action of crocetin, which presumably increases radiosensitivity by increasing oxygen diffusivity. In vivo studies were conducted using a Walker-256 carcinoma grown in the thigh muscles of male Sprague-Dawley rats. The minimum dose of X-rays necessary to induce cancer regression was first determined. It was then found that lower dosages of irradiation would also cure the tumors provided crocetin was also given to the animals.

Further, it was found that there is an optimum crocetin concentration which is most effective in inducing the cure, as well as an optimum scheduling of the dosages. The data were found to be statistically significant, and crocetin was found to be most effective in the salt form when given on the day before, and immediately after, irradiation. In vitro studies were made using cell cultures of both normal and cancerous rat muscle cells. This was done to determine whether or not crocetin acts on a purely cellular level in the animal or on a systemic level. The first tests showed that crocetin increased cell growth rates, for both normal and cancer cells. Then a similar approach to the in vivo work was adopted for utilizing both radiation and crocetin with the cultures. It was found that the crocetin concentration which induced maximum growth of the tumor cells caused the cells to also be more radiosensitive.

Thus it would appear that the beneficial effects of crocetin are due to an interaction on the cellular level, presumably by causing increased growth due to increased oxygen transport.

Curcuma longa

radioprotective effect of Curcuma longa extract on γ-irradiation–induced oxidative stress in rats

This study was conducted to evaluate the modulatory effect of aqueous extract of species“>Curcuma longa (L.) against γ-irradiation (GR), which induces biochemical disorders in male rats. The sublethal dose of GR was determined in primary hepatocytes. Also, the effect of C. longa extract was examined for its activity against GR. In rats, C. longa extract was administered daily (200 mg/kg body mass) for 21 days before, and 7 days after GR exposure (6.5 Gy). The lipid profile and antioxidant status, as well as levels of transaminases, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) were assessed. The results showed that in hepatocytes, the aqueous extract exhibited radioprotective activity against exposure to GR. exposure of untreated rats to GR resulted in transaminase disorders, lipid abnormalities, elevation of lipid peroxidation, trace element alterations, release of IL-6 and TNF, and decrease in glutathione and protein level of superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) and peroxiredoxin-1 (PRDX-1).

However, treatment of rats with this extract before and after GR exposure improved antioxidant status and minimized the radiation–induced increase in inflammatory cytokines. Changes occurred in the tissue levels of trace elements, and the protein levels of SOD-1 and PRDX-1 were also modulated by C. longa extract. Overall, C. longa exerted a beneficial radioprotective effect against radiation–induced oxidative stress in male rats by alleviating pathological disorders and modulating antioxidant enzymes.

radioprotective action of curcumin extracted from Curcuma longa LINN: inhibitory effect on formation of urinary 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, tumorigenesis, but not …

Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that curcumin can be used as an effective radioprotective agent to inhibit acute and chronic effects, but not mortality, after irradiation.

Ectoin

The protective function of compatible solute ectoin on the skin, skin cells and its biomolecules with respect to uv radiation, immunosuppression and membrane …

With the help of a new ‘uvA stress model’, it was shown that Ectoin protects the skin from the effects of uvAinduced cell damage in a number of different ways. Using cell cultures, high-performance thin-layer chromatography, gel electrophoresis mobility shift assays, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, ion exchange chromatography and uv spectroscopy, it was demonstrated that the uvA–induced second messenger release, transcription factor AP-2 activation, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression and mitochondrial DNA mutation could be prevented. The results obtained clearly demonstrate that Ectoin counteracts the effects of uvA–induced and accelerated skin aging at different cell levels.

Genotoxicity of visible light (400–800 nm) and photoprotection assessment of ectoin, L-ergothioneine and mannitol and four sunscreens

This study was designed to determine the genotoxic effects of visible (400–800 nm) and ultraviolet A (uvA)/visible (315–800 nm) lights on human keratinocytes and CHO cells. The alkaline comet assay was used to quantify DNA–damage. In addition, photo-dependent cytogenetic lesions were assessed in CHO cells by the micronucleus test. Three protective compounds [ectoin, l-ergothioneine (ERT) and mannitol] were tested with the comet assay for their effectiveness to reduce DNA single-strand breaks (SSB). Finally, the genomic photoprotections of two broad-band sunscreens and their tinted analogues were assessed by the comet assay. The WST-1 cytotoxicity assay revealed a decrease of the keratinocyte viability of 30% and 13% for the highest uvA/visible and visible irradations (15 and 13.8 J/cm², respectively). Visible as well as uvA/visible lights induced DNA SSB and micronuclei, in a dose-dependent manner. The level of DNA breakage induced by visible light was 50% of the one generated by uvA/visible irradiation. However, uvA radiations were 10 times more effective than visible radiations to produce SSB. The DNA lesions induced by visible and uvA/visible lights were reduced after a 1-h preincubation period with the three tested compounds.

The maximal protective effects were 92.7%, 97.9% and 52.0% for ectoin (0.1 mM), ERT (0.5 mM) and mannitol (1.5 mM), respectively, against visible light and 68.9%, 59.8% and 62.7% for ectoin (0.1 mM), ERT (0.5 mM) and mannitol (1.5 mM), respectively, against uvA/visible light. Thus, visible light was genotoxic on human keratinocytes and CHO cells through oxidative stress mechanisms similar to the ones induced by uvA radiations. The four tested sunscreens efficiently prevented DNA lesions that were induced by both visible and uvA/visible irradations. The tinted sunscreens were slightly more effective that their colorless analogues. There is a need to complement sunscreen formulations with additional molecules to obtain a complete internal and external photoprotection against both uvA and visible lights.

EGCG

radioprotection of EGCG based on immunoregulatory effect and antioxidant activity against 60Coγ radiation–induced injury in mice

Excessive reactive oxygen radicals (ROS) produced by ionizing radiation (IR) can cause human body to serious oxidative damage, leading to oxidation-reduction (REDOX) system imbalance and immune system damage. Here, the radioprotection of EGCG was studied through a model of oxidative damage in 60Coγ radiation mice. Firstly, the weights and the main organs indexes of mice, including the liver index, spleen index and pancreas index, indicated preliminarily the safety and protection of EGCG. Then, the radioprotection of EGCG based on immune-regulation on radiation mice was further investigated.

results suggested that EGCG could prevent significantly the immune system damage caused by 60Coγ via increasing the immune organ index, inducing the transformation of spleen cells into T- and B-lymphocytes, and enhancing the macrophage phagocytosis, compared with model group. In addition, EGCG could also protect spleens of radiation mice from 60Coγ-induced the imbalance of REDOX system by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), increasing the level of glutathione (GSH), suppressing lipid peroxidation (Malondialdehyde, MDA). The antioxidant enzymes activities of serum and livers were also increased markedly. Taken together, our results indicated that EGCG possessed the excellent potential to serve as a natural radioprotector against IR-induced damage.

A prospective phase II trial of EGCG in treatment of acute radiation–induced esophagitis for stage III lung cancer

EGCG, a tea polyphenol, as a potential mitigator of hematopoietic radiation injury in mice

Agents capable of providing protection, mitigation or therapy against radiation injuries have long been of interest of radiation biologists owing to the ever expanding application of radiation in our day to day life despite the well reported ill effects of exposure. The current study investigates radiomitigating potential of EGCG (epigallocatechin gallate), a tea polyphenol with known DNMT inhibitory property, in C57 Bl/6 mice model. treatment with 0.1833 mg/kg body weight EGCG, 1.5 h post-irradiation to lethally whole body irradiated mice rendered 45% survival for 30 days and also helped restoring the body weight of the animals. An early recovery of various hematological parameters was observed in EGCG treated animals compared to radiation alone group.

significant recovery in the number of bone marrow colony forming cells was observed in EGCG treated irradiated animals. EGCG reduced cytogenetic damage to bone marrow cells in radiation exposed mice significantly as studied by micronucleus assay without any significant affect on cell cycle distribution of the bone marrow cells. ELISA assay with bone marrow cell lysates showed EGCG as an inhibitor of HDAC activity and DNAse accessibility assay showed EGCG treatment increased the accessibility of chromatin to the enzyme. The results suggest EGCG provides mitigation against radiation injury to the hemopoietic system of mice and also inhibits HDAC enzyme activity. However, further studies are required to understand its mechanism of action.

Emblica officinalis

protective effect of an extract of Emblica officinalis against radiation–induced damage in mice

The radioprotective effect of Emblica officinalis extract (EOE) was studied in mice. Swiss albino mice were exposed to γ rays (5 Gy) in the absence (control) or presence (experimental) of EOE, orally 100 mg/kg body weight, once daily for 7 consecutive days. A specimen of small intestine (jejunum) was removed from the mice and studied at different autopsy intervals from 12 hours to 30 days. In control animals, crypt cell population, mitotic figures, and villus length were markedly reduced on day 1; these later started to increase progressively but did not attain the normal level even at the last autopsy interval. The animals receiving EOE prior to irradiation had a higher number of crypt cells and mitotic figures when compared with non-drug-treated control at all the autopsy intervals.

irradiation of animals resulted in a dose-dependent elevation in lipid peroxidation and a reduction in glutathione as well as catalase concentration in the intestine at 1 hour post-irradiation. In contrast, EOE treatment before irradiation caused a significant depletion in lipid peroxidation and elevation in glutathione and catalase levels.

Modulation of haematopoetic system and antioxidant enzymes by Emblica officinalis Gaertn and its protective role against γ-radiation induced damages in mice

The radio protective effect of the fruit pulp of Emblica officinalis Gaertn (Emblica) was studied in adult Swiss albino mice. Mice were treated with 2.5g/kg b.wt of Emblica for 10 consecutive days before irradiation and exposed to a single dose of 700 rads (7Gy) of radiation after the last dose. One group was given Emblica continuously for another 15 days after irradiation. Changes in the total leukocyte count, bone marrow viability and hemoglobin were studied after whole body irradiation. Administration of Emblica significantly increased these levels, which were lowered by irradiation. Animals were sacrificed at various time points after irradiation and the activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and levels of glutathione were assayed in the blood. The damage to the cell membrane after whole body irradiation was studied by measuring the tissue lipid peroxides levels.

Administration of Emblica significantly enhanced the activity of the various antioxidant enzymes and GST as well as glutathione system in the blood. treatment with Emblica also lowered the elevated levels of lipid peroxides in the serum. The data clearly indicated that the extract significantly reduced the bioeffects of radiation. Emblica extract may be useful in reducing the side effects produced during therapeutic radiation.

Proximate composition, phytochemical profile and free radical scavenging activity of radiation processed Emblica officinalis.

Medicinal plants and their products are often prone to microbial contamination. gamma irradiation is a well-recognized phytosanitary treatment for the elimination of bacteria, moulds and insects. The present study was carried out to see the effect of gamma radiation treatment on the proximate nutrients, ascorbic acid, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, phenolics and alkaloidal content, as well as on the DPPH radical scavenging activity of Emblica officinalis. The radiation treatment up to the dose level of 12 kGy showed increase in the levels of phenolics and flavonoids.

No effect of irradiation was observed on the concentrations of saponins and alkaloids. Tannin content remained unaffected at low doses. gamma irradiation also enhanced the DPPH scavenging activity and extraction yields of the methanol and aqueous extracts of the samples. The proximate analysis showed no significant effect on the levels of moisture, protein, fiber and carbohydrates. The crude fats increased with the increase in gamma irradiation dose.

The data suggest that gamma irradiation up to 12 kGy could safely be used to sanitize the Emblica officinalis fruits and it may also be beneficial for enhancing the certain biological activities and phytochemicals.

Empetrum nigrum var. japonicum

Empetrum nigrum var. japonicum extract Suppresses γ-Ray radiation–induced cell damage via inhibition of oxidative stress

The ethylacetate fraction of Empetrum nigrum var. japonicum (ENE) was shown to reduce intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by γ-radiation and activate antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and gluthathion peroxidase (GPx). ENE protected cells against radiation–induced cellular DNA damage, membrane lipid peroxidation, and protein modification, which are the main points of radiation–induced damage. In addition, ENE recovered cell viability by inhibiting apoptosis after cells were treated with radiation. ENE treatment also reduced γ-radiation induced Bax, and caspase 9 and 3 expression in irradiated cells.

However, irradiated cells with ENE recovered Bcl-2 expression, which was reduced by radiation. This anti-apoptotic effect of ENE was due to the inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-4 (MKK4/SEK1)-c-Jun NH₂-terminal kinase (JNK) cascades induced by γ-radiation. In summary, these results suggest that ENE protects cells against γ-radiation–induced oxidative stress via the reduction of ROS and attenuation of apoptosis.

Empetrum nigrum var. japonicum extract suppresses ultraviolet B-induced cell damage via absorption of radiation and inhibition of oxidative stress

This study focused on the protective actions of Empetrum nigrum against ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation in human HaCaT keratinocytes. An ethyl acetate extract of E. nigrum (ENE) increased cell viability decreased by exposure to UVB rays. ENE also absorbed UVB radiation and scavenged UVB–induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HaCaT keratinocytes. In addition, ENE shielded HaCaT keratinocytes from damage to cellular components (e.g., peroxidation of lipids, modification of proteins, and breakage of DNA strands) following UVB irradiation.

Furthermore, ENE protected against UVB–induced apoptotic cell death, as determined by a reduction in the numbers of apoptotic bodies and sub-G₁ hypodiploid cells, as well as by the recovery of mitochondrial membrane potential. The results of the current study therefore suggest that ENE safeguards human keratinocytes against UVB–induced cellular damage via the absorption of UVB ray and scavenging of UVB-generated ROS.

Epicatechin

Geroprotective and radioprotective activity of Quercetin, (-)-Epicatechin, and Ibuprofen in Drosophila melanogaster

The modulation of longevity genes and aging-associated signaling pathways using pharmacological agents is one of the potential ways to prolong the lifespan and increase the vitality of an organism. Phytochemicals flavonoids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have a large potential as geroprotectors. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effects of long-term and short-term consumption of quercetin, (-)-epicatechin, and ibuprofen on the lifespan, resistance to stress factors (paraquat, hyperthermia, γ-radiation, and starvation), as well as age-dependent physiological parameters (locomotor activity and fecundity) of Drosophila melanogaster. The long-term treatment with quercetin and (-)-epicatechin didn’t change or decreased the lifespan of males and females. In contrast, the short-term treatment with flavonoids had a beneficial effect and stimulated the resistance to paraquat and acute γ-irradiation.

The short-term ibuprofen consumption had a positive effect on the lifespan of females when it was carried out at the middle age (30–40 days), and to the survival of flies under conditions of oxidative and genotoxic stresses. However, it didn’t change the lifespan of males and females after the treatment during first 10 days of an imago life. Additionally, quercetin, (-)-epicatechin, and ibuprofen decreased the spontaneous locomotor activity of males, but had no effect of stimulated the physical activity and fecundity of females. Revealed quercetin, (-)-epicatechin, and ibuprofen activity can be associated with the stimulation of stress response mechanisms through the activation of pro-longevity pathways, or the induction of hormesis.

radioprotective effect of epicatechin in cultured human fibroblasts and zebrafish

radiation–induced normal cell damage limits the delivery of high-dose radiation to targeted cancer. This study investigated the effect of epicatechin (EC), a minor component of green tea extracts, on radiation–induced cellular damage in vitro in primary cultured human fibroblasts and in vivo in a zebrafish model. cell viability, proliferation and wound-healing efficacy, mitochondrial membrane potential, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation as well as changes in the signaling pathway related to apoptosis were investigated in fibroblasts.

The therapeutic effects of EC were explored in a zebrafish model. EC increased clonogenic survival and restored the migration ability of the fibroblasts after irradiation. EC inhibited radiation–induced ROS generation, mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. EC significantly reduced the expression of p-JNK, p-38, and cleaved caspase-3 compared with their significant increase after radiation treatment. EC attenuated the radiation–induced embryotoxicity in a zebrafish model.

These results suggest that EC represents an effective means of reducing cellular damage and facilitating wound healing after radiation exposure.

effect of Epicatechin against radiation–induced Oral Mucositis: In Vitro and In Vivo study

Conclusion: This study suggests that EC significantly inhibited radiation–induced apoptosis in keratinocytes and rat oral mucosa and may be a safe and effective candidate treatment for the prevention of radiation–induced mucositis.

Ferulic acid

Preferential radioprotection to DNA of normal tissues by ferulic acid under ex vivo and in vivo conditions in tumor bearing mice

Our previous study showed that ferulic acid (FA) offered good radioprotection under in vitro and in vivo conditions to DNA and enhanced the DNA repair process in the peripheral blood leucocytes of mice in vivo. This study concerns radioprotection of normal versus tumor cells. Administration of FA (50 mg/kg body weight) to mice bearing fibrosarcoma tumor, 1 h prior to/ or immediately after radiation exposure (4 Gy) showed preferential radioprotection to normal cells i.e. peripheral blood leucocytes and bone marrow cells in comparison to tumor cells. This preferential protection under in vivo conditions could be attributed to poor vasculature in the tumor or peculiar characteristics of the tumor cells either to restrict its entry inside the cells or metabolize or inactivate the drug. To resolve these ex vivo study was carried out using bone marrow and tumor cells. It was found that under ex vivo condition also only bone marrow cells were protected by FA. Thus the studies revealed that FA showed preferential protection to normal cells under both in vivo and ex vivo conditions. (Mol cell Biochem xxx: 1–10, 2005)

radiation protection of DNA by ferulic acid under in vitro and in vivo conditions

The effect of ferulic acid was studied on γ-radiation–induced relaxation of plasmid pBR322 DNA and induction of DNA strand breaks in peripheral blood leukocytes and bone marrow cells of mice exposed to whole body γ-radiation. Presence of 0.5 mM ferulic acid significantly inhibited the disappearance of supercoiled (ccc) plasmid pBR322 with a dose modifying factor (DMF) of 2.0. Intraperitoneal administration of different amounts (50, 75 and 100 mg/kg body weight) of ferulic acid 1 h prior to 4 Gy γ-radiation exposure showed dose-dependent decrease in the yield of DNA strands breaks in murine peripheral blood leukocytes and bone marrow cells as evidenced from comet assay. The dose-dependent protection was more pronounced in bone marrow cells than in the blood leukocytes.

It was observed that there was a time-dependent disappearance of radiation induced strand breaks in blood leukocytes (as evidenced from comet parameters) following whole body radiation exposure commensuration with DNA repair. Administration of 50 mg/kg body weight of ferulic acid after whole body irradiation of mice resulted disappearance of DNA strand breaks at a faster rate compared to irradiated controls, suggesting enhanced DNA repair in ferulic acid treated animals.

Role of ferulic acid in the amelioration of ionizing radiation induced inflammation: a murine model

Ionizing radiation is responsible for oxidative stress by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), which alters the cellular redox potential. This change activates several redox sensitive enzymes which are crucial in activating signaling pathways at molecular level and can lead to oxidative stress induced inflammation. Therefore, the present study was intended to assess the anti-inflammatory role of ferulic acid (FA), a plant flavonoid, against radiation–induced oxidative stress with a novel mechanistic viewpoint. FA was administered (50 mg/kg body wt) to Swiss albino mice for five consecutive days prior to exposing them to a single dose of 10 Gy ⁶⁰Co γ-irradiation. The dose of FA was optimized from the survival experiment and 50 mg/kg body wt dose showed optimum effect.

FA significantly ameliorated the radiation induced inflammatory response such as phosphorylation of IKKα/β and IκBα and consequent nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). FA also prevented the increase of cycloxygenase-2 (Cox-2) protein, inducible nitric oxide synthase-2 (iNOS-2) gene expression, lipid peroxidation in liver and the increase of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in serum. It was observed that exposure to radiation results in decreased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and the pool of reduced glutathione (GSH) content. However, FA treatment prior to irradiation increased the activities of the same endogenous antioxidants. Thus, pretreatment with FA offers protection against gamma radiation induced inflammation.

Ficus racemosa stem bark

Ficus racemosa stem bark extract: a potent antioxidant and a probable natural radioprotector

Ethanol extract (FRE) and water extract (FRW) of Ficus racemosa (family: Moraceae) were subjected to free radical scavenging both by steady state and time resolved methods such as nanosecond pulse radiolysis and stopped-flow spectrophotometric analyses. FRE exhibited significantly higher steady state antioxidant activity than FRW. FRE exhibited concentration dependent DPPH, ABTS^•-, hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging and inhibition of lipid peroxidation with IC₅₀ comparable with tested standard compounds. In vitro radioprotective potential of FRE was studied using micronucleus assay in irradiated Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells (V79). pretreatment with different doses of FRE 1h prior to 2 Gy γ-radiation resulted in a significant (P < 0.001) decrease in the percentage of micronucleated binuclear V79 cells. Maximum radioprotection was observed at 20 μg/ml of FRE. The radioprotection was found to be significant (P < 0.01) when cells were treated with optimum dose of FRE (20 μg/ml) 1 h prior to 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 Gy γ-irradiation compared to the respective radiation controls. The cytokinesis-block proliferative index indicated that FRE does not alter radiation induced cell cycle delay.

Based on all these results we conclude that the ethanol extract of F. racemosa acts as a potent antioxidant and a probable radioprotector.

Exploring the Pharmacognostic properties and pharmacological activities of phytocompounds present in Ficus racemosa linn.: A concise review

The genus Ficus is a very useful and significant group of trees with various therapeutic properties. Ficus racemosa linn. is a standard-sized tree in the Moraceae family, often known as the cluster fig tree. Ficus racemosa is also known as yajnayoga, udumbara, goolar, dumar, bodda, heibong, jantuphalam, dimri, yogga dumur, and many more names. Ficus racemosa may be found in various countries, including Australia, Malaysia, South-East Asia, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, China, New South Wales, and the Indian subcontinent. It grows naturally near bodies of water but may also be grown artificially. Ficus racemosa is a plant referenced in the old Ayurvedic, Siddha, Unani and Homeopathic traditions with various medicinal activities like as, antidiuretic, antitussive, antiulcer or gastro-protective, anti-oxidant activity, anthelmintic, antibacterial, antipyretic, anticholinesterase, potential Anticancer activity, antifilarial, wound healing, antidiarrheal, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, analgesic, hepatoprotective, radioprotective, fungicidal, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, larvicidal, renal anticarcinogenic, cognitive enhancing, and other properties.

This Ficus racemosa review included detailed information on its plant description, habitat, microscopical characteristics, and therapeutic usefulness in many activities.

French maritime pine bark extract, Flavangenol

French Maritime Pine Bark (Pinus maritima Lam.) extract (Flavangenol®) Prevents Chronic UVB radiation‐induced skin damage and Carcinogenesis in Melanin …

A French maritime pine bark extract, Flavangenol^®, is widely used as a nutritional supplement for protection against atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, etc. Chronic exposure to solar uv radiation damages skin, increasing cutaneous thickness, wrinkling and pigmentation, as well as reducing elasticity, and causes skin cancer. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of flavangenol on skin damage and the incidence of skin tumors caused by long-term UVB irradiation in melanin-possessing hairless mice. The oral administration of flavangenol (60, 200 or 600 mg kg⁻¹, twice daily) significantly inhibited increases in skin thickness, and the formation of wrinkles and melanin granules, as well as increases in the diameter and length of skin blood vessels.

Furthermore, it prevented increases in numbers of apoptotic, Ki-67-positive and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)-positive cells, and the expression of skin vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induced by chronic UVB irradiation. The effect on these biomarkers was associated with a reduction in the incidence of tumors in mice. The antiphotoaging and anticarcinogenetic activities of flavangenol may be due to inhibition of the expression of Ki-67, 8-OHdG and VEGF through a scavenging effect on reactive oxygen species.

Fucodiphlorethol G purified from Ecklonia cava

Fucodiphlorethol G purified from Ecklonia cava suppresses ultraviolet B radiation–induced oxidative stress and cellular damage

Fucodiphlorethol G (6’-[2,4-dihydroxy-6-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenoxy)phenoxy]biphenyl-2,2’,4,4’,6-pentol) is a compound purified from Ecklonia cava, a brown alga that is widely distributed offshore of Jeju Island. This study investigated the protective effects of fucodiphlorethol G against oxidative damage-mediated apoptosis induced by ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation. Fucodiphlorethol G attenuated the generation of 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals and intracellular reactive oxygen species in response to UVB irradiation. Fucodiphlorethol G suppressed the inhibition of human keratinocyte growth by UVB irradiation. Additionally, the wavelength of light absorbed by fucodiphlorethol G was close to the UVB spectrum. Fucodiphlorethol G reduced UVB radiation–induced 8-isoprostane generation and DNA fragmentation in human keratinocytes. Moreover, fucodiphlorethol G reduced UVB radiation–induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, generation of apoptotic cells, and active caspase-9 expression.