Autophagy (or autophagocytosis) (from the Ancient Greek αὐτόφαγος autóphagos, meaning “self-devouring”^[1] and κύτος kýtos, meaning “hollow”^[2]) is the natural, regulated mechanism of the cell that removes unnecessary or dysfunctional components.^[3] It allows the orderly degradation and recycling of cellular components.^[4][5]

Three forms of autophagy are commonly described: macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). In macroautophagy, expendable cytoplasmic constituents are targeted and isolated from the rest of the cell within a double-membraned vesicle known as an autophagosome,^[6][7] which, in time, fuses with an available lysosome, bringing its specialty process of waste management and disposal; and eventually the contents of the vesicle (now called an autolysosome) are degraded and recycled.

In disease, autophagy has been seen as an adaptive response to stress, promoting survival of the cell; but in other cases it appears to promote cell death and morbidity. In the extreme case of starvation, the breakdown of cellular components promotes cellular survival by maintaining cellular energy levels.

The name “autophagy” was in existence and frequently used from the middle of the 19th century^[8]. In its present usage, the term autophagy was coined by Belgian biochemist Christian de Duve in 1963 based on his discovery of the functions of lysosome.^[3] The identification of autophagy-related genes in yeast in the 1990s allowed researchers to deduce the mechanisms of autophagy,^{[9][10][11][12][13]} which eventually led to the award of the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Japanese researcher Yoshinori Ohsumi.^[14]

1000 Scientific Studies all about Autophagy:

1. Autophagy in the pathogenesis of disease
2. Autophagy fights disease through cellular self-digestion
3. Autophagy: process and function
4. Methods in Mammalian Autophagy Research
5. Autophagy regulates lipid metabolism
6. Autophagy and Metabolism
7. Autophagy: Renovation of Cells and Tissues
8. Autophagy as a Regulated Pathway of Cellular Degradation
9. Autophagy in immunity and inflammation
10. Autophagy and Aging
11. Autophagy and the Integrated Stress Response
12. mTOR regulation of Autophagy
13. Regulation Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways of Autophagy
14. Role of Autophagy in cancer
15. Bcl-2 Antiapoptotic Proteins Inhibit Beclin 1-Dependent Autophagy
16. Induction of Autophagy and inhibition of tumorigenesis by beclin 1
17. Autophagy in Health and Disease: A Double-Edged Sword
18. Methods for monitoring Autophagy
19. AMPK and mTOR regulate Autophagy through direct phosphorylation of Ulk1
20. LC3 and Autophagy
21. The role of Autophagy during the early neonatal starvation period
22. Death by design: apoptosis, necrosis and Autophagy
23. Autophagy in cell death: an innocent convict?
24. TFEB Links Autophagy to Lysosomal Biogenesis
25. Development by Self-Digestion: Molecular Mechanisms and Biological Functions of Autophagy
26. Autophagy: cellular and molecular mechanisms
27. A protein conjugation system essential for Autophagy
28. Self-eating and self-killing: crosstalk between Autophagy and apoptosis
29. Autophagy: molecular machinery for self-eating
30. Suppression of basal Autophagy in neural cells causes neurodegenerative disease in mice
31. Autophagy in Human Health and Disease
32. Loss of Autophagy in the central nervous system causes neurodegeneration in mice
33. Parkin is recruited selectively to impaired mitochondria and promotes their Autophagy
34. Potential therapeutic applications of Autophagy
35. Apoptosis, Autophagy, and more
36. Autophagy Suppresses Tumorigenesis through Elimination of p62
37. Mammalian Autophagy: core molecular machinery and signaling regulation
38. LC3 conjugation system in mammalian Autophagy
39. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Triggers Autophagy
40. Autophagy and cancer
41. The Beclin 1 network regulates Autophagy and apoptosis
42. Escape of Intracellular Shigella from Autophagy
43. Impaired Degradation of Mutant α-Synuclein by Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy
44. Autophagy in infection, inflammation and immunity
45. Impairment of starvation-induced and constitutive Autophagy in Atg7-deficient mice
46. A Role for Ubiquitin in Selective Autophagy
47. Autophagy: dual roles in life and death?
48. Isofation and charact~~zation of Autophagy-defective mutants of
    Saccharomyces cerevisiae
49. Autophagy Defends Cells Against Invading Group A Streptococcus
50. Autophagy as a cell death and tumor suppressor mechanism
51. Regulation of Mammalian Autophagy in Physiology and Pathophysiology
52. Autophagy: from phenomenology to molecular understanding in less than a decade
53. FoxO3 Controls Autophagy in Skeletal Muscle In Vivo
54. A Unified Nomenclature forAutophagy-related genes
55. Autophagy in mammalian development and differentiation
56. Lysosomes and Autophagy in cell death control
57. Regulation of Autophagy by cytoplasmic p53
58. Autophagy: in sickness and in health
59. Network organization of the human Autophagy system
60. Fission and selective fusion govern mitochondrial segregation and elimination by Autophagy
61. Autophagy: assays and artifacts
62. Autophagy Is Activated for Cell Survival after Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
63. Autophagy, Immunity, and Microbial Adaptations
64. A key role for Autophagy and the Autophagy gene Atg16l1 in mouse and human intestinal Paneth cells
65. Endogenous HMGB1 regulates Autophagy
66. Human IRGM Induces Autophagy to Eliminate Intracellular Mycobacteria
67. Tor, a Phosphatidylinositol Kinase Homologue, Controls Autophagy in Yeast
68. Autophagy mediates the mitotic senescence transition
69. The molecular machinery of Autophagy: unanswered questions
70. Autophagy promotes tumor cell survival and restricts necrosis, inflammation, and tumorigenesis
71. The role of Autophagy in neurodegenerative disease
72. Autophagy gone awry in neurodegenerative diseases
73. Promotion of tumorigenesis by heterozygous disruption of the beclin 1 Autophagy gene
74. Dynamics and diversity in Autophagy mechanisms: lessons from yeast
75. Autophagy-Dependent Viral Recognition by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells
76. Toll‐like receptors control Autophagy
77. The AMPK signalling pathway coordinates cell growth, Autophagy and metabolism
78. Autophagy
79. The role of Autophagy in cancer development and response to therapy
80. p62/SQSTM1 Binds Directly to Atg8/LC3 to Facilitate Degradation of Ubiquitinated Protein Aggregates by Autophagy
81. Pancreatic cancers require Autophagy for tumor growth
82. Autophagy in the Eukaryotic Cell
83. Calpain-mediated cleavage of Atg5 switches Autophagy to apoptosis
84. α-Synuclein Is Degraded by Both Autophagy and the Proteasome
85. Autophagy Is Required to Maintain Muscle Mass
86. Self-consumption: the interplay of Autophagy and apoptosis
87. Autophagy-deficient mice develop multiple liver tumors
88. Induction of Autophagy by spermidine promotes longevity
89. Crosstalk between apoptosis, necrosis and Autophagy
90. ULK-Atg13-FIP200 Complexes Mediate mTOR Signaling to the Autophagy Machinery
91. Lithium induces Autophagy by inhibiting inositol monophosphatase
92. The Role of Autophagy in Cancer: Therapeutic Implications
93. Emerging regulation and functions of Autophagy
94. Loss of the Autophagy protein Atg16L1 enhances endotoxin-induced IL-1β production
95. Autophagy Is a Defense Mechanism Inhibiting BCG and Mycobacterium tuberculosis Survival in Infected Macrophages
96. Autophagy regulation by p53
97. ROS, mitochondria and the regulation of Autophagy
98. Autophagy, amyloidogenesis and Alzheimer disease
99. Molecular dissection of Autophagy: two ubiquitin-like systems
100. Deconvoluting the context-dependent role for Autophagy in cancer
101. The Molecular Mechanism of Autophagy
102. Phosphorylation of the Autophagy Receptor Optineurin Restricts Salmonella Growth
103. Oxidative Stress and Autophagy
104. Beclin 1, an Autophagy gene essential for early embryonic development, is a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor
105. Autophagy and human diseases
106. Homeostatic Levels of p62 Control Cytoplasmic Inclusion Body Formation in Autophagy-Deficient Mice
107. Autophagy in chronically ischemic myocardium
108. Autophagy and Cell Death
109. DRAM, a p53-Induced Modulator of Autophagy, Is Critical for Apoptosis
110. Tor-Mediated Induction of Autophagy via an Apg1 Protein Kinase Complex
111. JNK1-Mediated Phosphorylation of Bcl-2 Regulates Starvation-Induced Autophagy
112. p62 at the Crossroads of Autophagy, Apoptosis, and Cancer
113. Autophagy suppresses tumor progression by limiting chromosomal instability
114. Growth Factor Regulation of Autophagy and Cell Survival in the Absence of Apoptosis
115. Apoptosis and Autophagy in nigral neurons of patients with Parkinson’s disease
116. The Double-Edged Sword of Autophagy Modulation in Cancer
117. Autophagy genes in immunity
118. Reactive oxygen species are essential for Autophagy and specifically regulate the activity of Atg4
119. Regulation of Autophagy by ROS: physiology and pathology
120. The regulation of Autophagy – unanswered questions
121. Can Autophagy promote longevity?
122. Mitochondrial Autophagy Is an HIF-1-dependent Adaptive Metabolic Response to Hypoxia
123. Nutrient-dependent mTORC1 Association with the ULK1–Atg13–FIP200 Complex Required for Autophagy
124. Autophagy, mitochondria and oxidative stress: cross-talk and redox signalling
125. Nix is a selective Autophagy receptor for mitochondrial clearance
126. Protein Turnover Via Autophagy: Implications for Metabolism
127. Regulation and role of Autophagy in mammalian cells
128. p62/SQSTM1 forms protein aggregates degraded by Autophagy and has a protective effect on huntingtin-induced cell death
129. Distinct Roles of Autophagy in the Heart During Ischemia and Reperfusion
130. Autophagy modulation as a potential therapeutic target for diverse diseases
131. Defective Autophagy leads to cancer
132. Ambra1 regulates Autophagy and development of the nervous system
133. Metabolic Control of Autophagy
134. Autophagy: a regulated bulk degradation process inside cells
135. Toll-like receptor signalling in macrophages links the Autophagy pathway to phagocytosis
136. The role for Autophagy in cancer
137. Autophagy and signaling: their role in cell survival and cell death
138. Activated Ras requires Autophagy to maintain oxidative metabolism and tumorigenesis
139. Eating Oneself and Uninvited Guests: Autophagy-Related Pathways in Cellular Defense
140. Ubiquitination and selective Autophagy
141. Autophagy in the Cellular Energetic Balance
142. The mitochondrial permeability transition initiates Autophagy in rat hepatocytes
143. Selective Autophagy: ubiquitin-mediated recognition and beyond
144. Unveiling the roles of Autophagy in innate and adaptive immunity
145. Autophagy Genes Are Essential for Dauer Development and Life-Span Extension in C. elegans
146. The role of the Atg1/ULK1 complex in Autophagy regulation
147. Role of Autophagy in temozolomide-induced cytotoxicity for malignant glioma cells
148. HDAC6 rescues neurodegeneration and provides an essential link between Autophagy and the UPS
149. In Vivo Analysis of Autophagy in Response to Nutrient Starvation Using Transgenic Mice Expressing a Fluorescent Autophagosome Marker
150. Autophagy: Many paths to the same end
151. Mechanisms of chaperone-mediated Autophagy
152. Autophagy in Cancer: Good, Bad, or Both?
153. Autophagy-Mediated Tumor Promotion
154. Autophagy and cytokines
155. Autophagy as a target for anticancer therapy
156. Autophagy in metazoans: cell survival in the land of plenty
157. Cargo recognition and trafficking in selective Autophagy
158. Extensive Involvement of Autophagy in Alzheimer Disease: An Immuno-Electron Microscopy Study
159. Endogenous MHC Class II Processing of a Viral Nuclear Antigen After Autophagy
160. Autophagy in neurons: a review.
161. Aggregate-prone proteins with polyglutamine and polyalanine expansions are degraded by Autophagy
162. Age-related Decline in Chaperone-mediated Autophagy
163. Autophagy Counterbalances Endoplasmic Reticulum Expansion during the Unfolded Protein Response
164. The mitochondrial permeability transition in cell death: a common mechanism in necrosis, apoptosis and Autophagy
165. Autophagy and Human Disease
166. Autophagy inhibition enhances therapy-induced apoptosis in a Myc-induced model of lymphoma
167. Autophagy in liver diseases
168. Autophagy and related mechanisms of lysosome-mediated protein degradation
169. Genome-wide association study identifies new susceptibility loci for Crohn disease and implicates Autophagy in disease pathogenesis
170. Inhibition of mTOR induces Autophagy and reduces toxicity of polyglutamine expansions in fly and mouse models of Huntington disease
171. Historical landmarks of Autophagy research
172. An Overview of the Molecular Mechanism of Autophagy
173. Autophagy in skeletal muscle
174. Life and death partners: apoptosis, Autophagy and the cross-talk between them
175. During Autophagy mitochondria elongate, are spared from degradation and sustain cell viability
176. Principles and Current Strategies for Targeting Autophagy for Cancer Treatment
177. Autophagy-Dependent Anticancer Immune Responses Induced by Chemotherapeutic Agents in Mice
178. Autophagy in malignant transformation and cancer progression
179. Autophagy in yeast demonstrated with proteinase-deficient mutants and conditions for its induction.
180. The dynamic nature of Autophagy in cancer
181. Autophagy regulates adipose mass and differentiation in mice
182. Innate and Adaptive Immunity through Autophagy
183. The ubiquitin kinase PINK1 recruits Autophagy receptors to induce mitophagy
184. Interactions between Autophagy Receptors and Ubiquitin-like Proteins Form the Molecular Basis for Selective Autophagy
185. Autophagy regulation by nutrient signaling
186. Autophagy mitigates metabolic stress and genome damage in mammary tumorigenesis
187. Autophagy basics
188. Exercise-induced BCL2-regulated Autophagy is required for muscle glucose homeostasis
189. A role for the NAD-dependent deacetylase Sirt1 in the regulation of Autophagy
190. Role of Bcl-2 family proteins in a non-apoptotic programmed cell death dependent on Autophagy genes
191. Role and Regulation of Starvation-Induced Autophagy in the Drosophila Fat Body
192. Hypoxia-induced Autophagy: cell death or cell survival?
193. Autophagy and other vacuolar protein degradation mechanisms
194. NOD2 stimulation induces Autophagy in dendritic cells influencing bacterial handling and antigen presentation
195. Autophagy Regulates Programmed Cell Death during the Plant Innate Immune Response
196. Autophagy: Basic Principles and Relevance to Disease
197. mTOR: a pharmacologic target for Autophagy regulation
198. Autophagy and tumorigenesis
199. Autophagy proteins regulate innate immune responses by inhibiting the release of mitochondrial DNA mediated by the NALP3 inflammasome
200. The role of Autophagy in cardiomyocytes in the basal state and in response to hemodynamic stress
201. Activation of antibacterial Autophagy by NADPH oxidases
202. Mitochondria and the Autophagy–Inflammation–Cell Death Axis in Organismal Aging
203. Autophagy
204. Autophagy Inhibition Compromises Degradation of Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway Substrates
205. Cellular Autophagy: surrender, avoidance and subversion by microorganisms
206. Autophagy and apoptosis dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders
207. Defective Hepatic Autophagy in Obesity Promotes ER Stress and Causes Insulin Resistance
208. Compromised Autophagy and neurodegenerative diseases
209. Autophagy Gene-Dependent Clearance of Apoptotic Cells during Embryonic Development
210. Studies on the mechanisms of Autophagy: formation of the autophagic vacuole.
211. Autophagy in Ischemic Heart Disease
212. Dopamine-modified α-synuclein blocks chaperone-mediated Autophagy
213. Cardiac Autophagy is a maladaptive response to hemodynamic stress
214. Autophagy, organelles and ageing
215. A Novel Response of Cancer Cells to Radiation Involves Autophagy and Formation of Acidic Vesicles
216. The selective Autophagy substrate p62 activates the stress responsive transcription factor Nrf2 through inactivation of Keap1
217. Autophagy and aging: keeping that old broom working
218. Toll-like Receptor 4 Is a Sensor for Autophagy Associated with Innate Immunity
219. Autophagy and cancer
220. Autophagy Is Essential for Preimplantation Development of Mouse Embryos
221. Superoxide is the major reactive oxygen species regulating Autophagy
222. Mitochondrial DNA that escapes from Autophagy causes inflammation and heart failure
223. Vitamin D3 Induces Autophagy in Human Monocytes/Macrophages via Cathelicidin
224. Bif-1 interacts with Beclin 1 through UVRAG and regulates Autophagy and tumorigenesis
225. ULK1 induces Autophagy by phosphorylating Beclin-1 and activating VPS34 lipid kinase
226. Autophagy Links Inflammasomes to Atherosclerotic Progression
227. Sequence variants in the Autophagy gene IRGM and multiple other replicating loci contribute to Crohn’s disease susceptibility
228. Mitochondria-Anchored Receptor Atg32 Mediates Degradation of Mitochondria via Selective Autophagy
229. Structural Basis for Sorting Mechanism of p62 in Selective Autophagy
230. The apoptosis/Autophagy paradox: autophagic vacuolization before apoptotic death
231. Autophagy maintains stemness by preventing senescence
232. Blocked Autophagy Sensitizes Resistant Carcinoma Cells to Radiation Therapy
233. Chaperone-mediated Autophagy: roles in disease and aging
234. Autophagy inhibition in combination cancer treatment.
235. Novel targets for Huntington’s disease in an mTOR-independent Autophagy pathway
236. Senescence, Apoptosis or Autophagy?
237. Programmed cell death pathways in cancer: a review of apoptosis, Autophagy and programmed necrosis
238. Enhancing Immunity Through Autophagy
239. Two Beclin 1-binding proteins, Atg14L and Rubicon, reciprocally regulate Autophagy at different stages
240. Activation of Chaperone-mediated Autophagy during Oxidative Stress
241. Connecting endoplasmic reticulum stress to Autophagy by unfolded protein response and calcium
242. Response to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury involves Bnip3 and Autophagy
243. Identification of a candidate therapeutic Autophagy-inducing peptide
244. Autophagy in infection
245. A block of Autophagy in lysosomal storage disorders
246. HDAC6 controls autophagosome maturation essential for ubiquitin‐selective quality‐control Autophagy
247. Autophagy: for better or for worse
248. Regulation of starvation- and virus-induced Autophagy by the eIF2α kinase signaling pathway
249. Autophagy promotes MHC class II presentation of peptides from intracellular source proteins
250. ERK and cell death: Mechanisms of ERK‐induced cell death – apoptosis, Autophagy and senescence
251. Targeting Autophagy in cancer
252. Secretory Autophagy
253. Cytoprotective roles for Autophagy
254. Nod1 and Nod2 direct Autophagy by recruiting ATG16L1 to the plasma membrane at the site of bacterial entry
255. Small molecules enhance Autophagy and reduce toxicity in Huntington’s disease models
256. Autophagy at the crossroads of catabolism and anabolism
257. The Phosphatidylinositol 3‐Kinase Inhibitors Wortmannin and LY294002 Inhibit Autophagy in Isolated Rat Hepatocytes
258. The Atg16L Complex Specifies the Site of LC3 Lipidation for Membrane Biogenesis in Autophagy
259. Autophagy Induction and Autophagosome Clearance in Neurons: Relationship to Autophagic Pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease
260. Autophagy and oxidative stress associated with gold nanoparticles
261. The Atg12-Atg5 Conjugate Has a Novel E3-like Activity for Protein Lipidation in Autophagy
262. The Association of AMPK with ULK1 Regulates Autophagy
263. Autophagy: a barrier or an adaptive response to cancer
264. Phosphorylation of Ribosomal Protein S6 Is Inhibitory for Autophagy in Isolated Rat Hepatocytes
265. The role of Autophagy in the heart
266. Autophagy and chemotherapy resistance: a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment
267. An Overview of Autophagy: Morphology, Mechanism, and Regulation
268. The Beclin 1–VPS34 complex – at the crossroads of Autophagy and beyond
269. Consequences of the selective blockage of chaperone-mediated Autophagy
270. The Microbiome and Butyrate Regulate Energy Metabolism and Autophagy in the Mammalian Colon
271. Akt-Mediated Regulation of Autophagy and Tumorigenesis Through Beclin 1 Phosphorylation
272. Role and regulation of Autophagy in cancer
273. Control of Autophagy by oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes
274. HSV-1 ICP34.5 Confers Neurovirulence by Targeting the Beclin 1 Autophagy Protein
275. Dengue Virus-Induced Autophagy Regulates Lipid Metabolism
276. Anti- and pro-tumor functions of Autophagy
277. Chaperone‐Mediated Autophagy in Aging and Disease
278. Chaperone-mediated Autophagy: a unique way to enter the lysosome world
279. The pleiotropic role of Autophagy: from protein metabolism to bactericide
280. Autophagy delays apoptotic death in breast cancer cells following DNA damage
281. Autophagy in neurodegenerative disease: friend, foe or turncoat?
282. Huntingtin Expression Stimulates Endosomal–Lysosomal Activity, Endosome Tubulation, and Autophagy
283. Two Distinct Vps34 Phosphatidylinositol 3–Kinase Complexes Function in Autophagy and Carboxypeptidase Y Sorting inSaccharomyces cerevisiae
284. Autophagosome Formation and Molecular Mechanism of Autophagy
285. p53: The Janus of Autophagy?
286. The LIR motif – crucial for selective Autophagy
287. E2F1 regulates Autophagy and the transcription of Autophagy genes
288. Cargo recognition failure is responsible for inefficient Autophagy in Huntington’s disease
289. Viruses and Autophagy
290. Non-selective Autophagy.
291. Autophagy in the liver
292. Autophagy and neurodegeneration: when the cleaning crew goes on strike
293. Autophagy‐based unconventional secretory pathway for extracellular delivery of IL‐1β
294. NF-κB Activation Represses Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-induced Autophagy
295. Oxidative stress and Autophagy: the clash between damage and metabolic needs
296. Interplay of LRRK2 with chaperone-mediated Autophagy
297. Physiological Functions of Autophagy
298. Autophagy and lysosomal dysfunction as emerging mechanisms of nanomaterial toxicity
299. Studies on the mechanisms of Autophagy: maturation of the autophagic vacuole.
300. Selective Mitochondrial Autophagy, or Mitophagy, as a Targeted Defense Against Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Aging
301. Autophagy facilitates glycolysis during Ras-mediated oncogenic transformation
302. Macrophage Autophagy Plays a Protective Role in Advanced Atherosclerosis
303. Autophagy: Principles and significance in health and disease
304. Autophagy failure in Alzheimer’s disease—locating the primary defect
305. Lipophagy: Connecting Autophagy and Lipid Metabolism
306. Induction of Autophagy during Extracellular Matrix Detachment Promotes Cell Survival
307. The Roles of Therapy-Induced Autophagy and Necrosis in Cancer Treatment
308. Autophagy and apoptosis: what is the connection?
309. Autophagy as a therapeutic target in cancer
310. Autophagy Controls IL-1β Secretion by Targeting Pro-IL-1β for Degradation
311. FoxO Transcription Factors Promote Autophagy in Cardiomyocytes
312. Autophagy: A lysosomal degradation pathway with a central role in health and disease
313. Trehalose, a Novel mTOR-independent Autophagy Enhancer, Accelerates the Clearance of Mutant Huntingtin and α-Synuclein
314. Cerebral Ischemia-Hypoxia Induces Intravascular Coagulation and Autophagy
315. Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy Markers in Parkinson Disease Brains
316. Autophagy and the Immune System
317. FLIP-mediated Autophagy regulation in cell death control
318. Autophagy and multivesicular bodies: two closely related partners
319. The TBK1 adaptor and Autophagy receptor NDP52 restricts the proliferation of ubiquitin-coated bacteria
320. Hypoxia-Induced Autophagy Is Mediated through Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Induction of BNIP3 and BNIP3L via Their BH3 Domains
321. Activation of Autophagy by inflammatory signals limits IL-1β production by targeting ubiquitinated inflammasomes for destruction
322. Lysosomal Proteolysis and Autophagy Require Presenilin 1 and Are Disrupted by Alzheimer-Related PS1 Mutations
323. Galectin 8 targets damaged vesicles for Autophagy to defend cells against bacterial invasion
324. Chaperone-Assisted Selective Autophagy Is Essential for Muscle Maintenance
325. Differential Effects of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-induced Autophagy on Cell Survival
326. Autophagy in innate and adaptive immunity
327. Physiological functions of Atg6/Beclin 1: a unique Autophagy-related protein
328. Autophagy in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
329. ER stress (PERK/eIF2α phosphorylation) mediates the polyglutamine-induced LC3 conversion, an essential step for Autophagy formation
330. Autophagy as an immune defense mechanism
331. Inflammaging: disturbed interplay between Autophagy and inflammasomes
332. Apoptosis, Autophagy, necroptosis, and cancer metastasis
333. Neutrophil extracellular trap cell death requires both Autophagy and superoxide generation
334. Growth Arrest and Autophagy Are Required for Salivary Gland Cell Degradation in Drosophila
335. Physiological significance of selective degradation of p62 by Autophagy
336. Role of AMPK-mTOR-Ulk1/2 in the Regulation of Autophagy: Cross Talk, Shortcuts, and Feedbacks
337. Autophagy and Cellular Immune Responses
338. Role of BNIP3 and NIX in cell death, Autophagy, and mitophagy
339. The Adaptor Protein p62/SQSTM1 Targets Invading Bacteria to the Autophagy Pathway
340. Cell death by Autophagy: facts and apparent artefacts
341. PAMPs and DAMPs: signal 0s that spur Autophagy and immunity
342. Chloroquine in Cancer Therapy: A Double-Edged Sword of Autophagy
343. Lysosomal calcium signalling regulates Autophagy through calcineurin and TFEB
344. Chaperone-mediated Autophagy in protein quality control
345. Novel System for Monitoring Autophagy in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
346. Spatial Coupling of mTOR and Autophagy Augments Secretory Phenotypes
347. Autophagy and apoptosis: where do they meet?
348. Plant Autophagy—more than a starvation response
349. Regulation of Autophagy by the inositol trisphosphate receptor
350. Selective degradation of p62 by Autophagy
351. Roles of LAMP-1 and LAMP-2 in lysosome biogenesis and Autophagy
352. MicroRNA regulation of Autophagy
353. Autophagy and Autophagy-related proteins in the immune system
354. Loss of Autophagy Diminishes Pancreatic β Cell Mass and Function with Resultant Hyperglycemia
355. Autophagy and neurodegeneration
356. Apoptosis and Autophagy: regulatory connections between two supposedly different processes
357. A critical role for the Autophagy gene Atg5 in T cell survival and proliferation
358. Control of Autophagy as a therapy for neurodegenerative disease
359. Atg8: an Autophagy-related ubiquitin-like protein family
360. Autophagy Controls Salmonella Infection in Response to Damage to the Salmonella-containing Vacuole
361. Autophagy and metastasis: another double-edged sword
362. Mitochondrial fusion, fission and Autophagy as a quality control axis: The bioenergetic view
363. Postfertilization Autophagy of Sperm Organelles Prevents Paternal Mitochondrial DNA Transmission
364. Apg7p/Cvt2p: A Novel Protein-activating Enzyme Essential for Autophagy
365. Direct Induction of Autophagy by Atg1 Inhibits Cell Growth and Induces Apoptotic Cell Death
366. Tor Directly Controls the Atg1 Kinase Complex To Regulate Autophagy
367. Bacteria–Autophagy interplay: a battle for survival
368. Autophagy in human type 2 diabetes pancreatic beta cells
369. Autophagy, Metabolism, and Cancer
370. Molecular definitions of Autophagy and related processes
371. Autophagy genes and ageing
372. Autophagy–physiology and pathophysiology
373. Protective role of Autophagy in neonatal hypoxia–ischemia induced brain injury
374. Neuronal Autophagy and neurodegenerative diseases
375. Phosphorylation of p62 Activates the Keap1-Nrf2 Pathway during Selective Autophagy
376. Autophagy in Antimicrobial Immunity
377. Induction of Autophagy in Axonal Dystrophy and Degeneration
378. Autophagy influences glomerular disease susceptibility and maintains podocyte homeostasis in aging mice
379. The role of Autophagy-lysosome pathway in neurodegeneration associated with Parkinson’s disease
380. Coronavirus Replication Complex Formation Utilizes Components of Cellular Autophagy
381. The Autophagy effector Beclin 1: a novel BH3-only protein
382. The Autophagy machinery is required to initiate hepatitis C virus replication
383. Autophagy in tumour suppression and promotion
384. Bcl-2 Inhibition of Autophagy: A New Route to Cancer?
385. ESCRTs and Fab1 Regulate Distinct Steps of Autophagy
386. FOXO3A directs a protective Autophagy program in haematopoietic stem cells
387. Atg8‐family interacting motif crucial for selective Autophagy
388. p53 status determines the role of Autophagy in pancreatic tumour development
389. DNA damage and Autophagy
390. Chaperone-mediated Autophagy: selectivity pays off
391. Autophagy
392. Autophagy Reduces Acute Ethanol-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Steatosis in Mice
393. microRNA‐101 is a potent inhibitor of Autophagy
394. Nutrient-sensing nuclear receptors coordinate Autophagy
395. A Role for Autophagy in the Extension of Lifespan by Dietary Restriction in C. elegans
396. Inhibition of Autophagy Prevents Hippocampal Pyramidal Neuron Death after Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury
397. Cytoplasmic bacteria can be targets for Autophagy
398. The multiple roles of Autophagy in cancer
399. Autophagy is a therapeutic target in anticancer drug resistance
400. Regulation of the aging process by Autophagy
401. Autophagy and cell death in model organisms
402. The Autophagy protein Atg7 is essential for hematopoietic stem cell maintenance
403. Autophagy Is Essential for Mitochondrial Clearance in Mature T Lymphocytes
404. Image-based genome-wide siRNA screen identifies selective Autophagy factors
405. Autophagy and Cancer Therapy
406. PpAtg30 Tags Peroxisomes for Turnover by Selective Autophagy
407. Absence of Autophagy results in reactive oxygen species-dependent amplification of RLR signaling
408. Autophagy and human disease: emerging themes
409. Regulation of Autophagy by Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS): Implications for Cancer Progression and Treatment
410. Chemical modulators of Autophagy as biological probes and potential therapeutics
411. Pathophysiology of chaperone-mediated Autophagy
412. Regulation of endoplasmic reticulum turnover by selective Autophagy
413. Autosis and autophagic cell death: the dark side of Autophagy
414. The Role of Autophagy in Mammalian Development: Cell Makeover Rather than Cell Death
415. Regulation of the Autophagy protein LC3 by phosphorylation
416. Therapeutic targets in cancer cell metabolism and Autophagy
417. Autophagy: Pathways for Self-Eating in Plant Cells
418. An Autophagy–Enhancing Drug Promotes Degradation of Mutant α1-Antitrypsin Z and Reduces Hepatic Fibrosis
419. Autophagy Regulates Cholesterol Efflux from Macrophage Foam Cells via Lysosomal Acid Lipase
420. Mechanisms of Selective Autophagy
421. Mechanisms of cross‐talk between the ubiquitin‐proteasome and Autophagy‐lysosome systems
422. Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy
423. A novel assay to study Autophagy: regulation of autophagosome vacuole size by amino acid deprivation
424. Coordination of membrane events during Autophagy by multiple class III PI3-kinase complexes
425. Molecular mechanism and regulation of Autophagy
426. Induction of Autophagy by amino-acid deprivation in perfused rat liver
427. Modulation of intracellular ROS levels by TIGAR controls Autophagy
428. Mechanisms of Autophagy
429. Cross talk between apoptosis and Autophagy by caspase-mediated cleavage of Beclin 1
430. Autophagy Protects against Sindbis Virus Infection of the Central Nervous System
431. Degradation of Oxidized Proteins by Autophagy during Oxidative Stress in Arabidopsis
432. The Autophagy-related protein beclin 1 shows reduced expression in early Alzheimer disease and regulates amyloid β accumulation in mice
433. Autophagy in immunity and cell‐autonomous defense against intracellular microbes
434. The Reversible Modification Regulates the Membrane-Binding State of Apg8/Aut7 Essential for Autophagy and the Cytoplasm to Vacuole Targeting Pathway
435. Overexpression of Atg5 in mice activates Autophagy and extends lifespan
436. TAK1 activates AMPK‐dependent cytoprotective Autophagy in TRAIL‐treated epithelial cells
437. Autophagy in thymic epithelium shapes the T-cell repertoire and is essential for tolerance
438. Integration of Clearance Mechanisms: The Proteasome and Autophagy
439. Role of Autophagy in suppression of inflammation and cancer
440. Autophagy is an immediate macrophage response to Legionella pneumophila
441. Stimulation of Autophagy by the p53 target gene Sestrin2
442. Functional interaction between Autophagy and ciliogenesis
443. Role of mitochondrial permeability transition pores in mitochondrial Autophagy
444. Autophagy: An Emerging Immunological Paradigm
445. MyD88 and Trif Target Beclin 1 to Trigger Autophagy in Macrophages
446. The eIF2α/ATF4 pathway is essential for stress-induced Autophagy gene expression
447. Ubiquitin-Dependent And Independent Signals In Selective Autophagy
448. UPR, Autophagy, and mitochondria crosstalk underlies the ER stress response
449. Regulation of Neuronal Survival Factor MEF2D by Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy
450. Autophagy in Huntington disease and huntingtin in Autophagy
451. Selective Autophagy in Cancer Development and Therapy
452. Signalling and Autophagy regulation in health, aging and disease
453. Autophagy in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
454. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors attenuate cardiac hypertrophy by suppressing Autophagy
455. Extracellular matrix regulation of Autophagy
456. HMGB1 release and redox regulates Autophagy and apoptosis in cancer cells
457. Autophagy in the cardiovascular system
458. Crosstalk Between Autophagy and Apoptosis in Heart Disease
459. The anticancer drug imatinib induces cellular Autophagy
460. Complex Inhibitory Effects of Nitric Oxide on Autophagy
461. Initiation of apoptosis and Autophagy by photodynamic therapy
462. Autophagy mediates degradation of nuclear lamina
463. Role of LAMP-2 in Lysosome Biogenesis and Autophagy
464. NBR1 and p62 as cargo receptors for selective Autophagy of ubiquitinated targets
465. Mature ribosomes are selectively degraded upon starvation by an Autophagy pathway requiring the Ubp3p/Bre5p ubiquitin protease
466. Linking of Autophagy to Ubiquitin-Proteasome System Is Important for the Regulation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Cell Viability
467. Autophagy and cancer cell metabolism
468. TFEB-mediated Autophagy rescues midbrain dopamine neurons from α-synuclein toxicity
469. Crosstalk between apoptosis and Autophagy within the Beclin 1 interactome
470. Autophagy negatively regulates Wnt signalling by promoting Dishevelled degradation
471. Activation of Autophagy protects against acetaminophen‐induced hepatotoxicity
472. Enhanced Autophagy ameliorates cardiac proteinopathy
473. Following Autophagy step by step
474. Akt inhibition promotes Autophagy and sensitizes PTEN-null tumors to lysosomotropic agents
475. Autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system: Collaborators in neuroprotection
476. Restoration of chaperone-mediated Autophagy in aging liver improves cellular maintenance and hepatic function
477. Autophagy in cardiovascular disease
478. Canonical and non-canonical Autophagy: variations on a common theme of self-eating?
479. Approaching the Molecular Mechanism of Autophagy
480. Does Autophagy have a license to kill mammalian cells?
481. Egr-1 Regulates Autophagy in Cigarette Smoke-Induced Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
482. Generation of cell lines with tetracycline‐regulated Autophagy and a role for Autophagy in controlling cell size
483. Chaperone-mediated Autophagy at a glance
484. Efficient Cross-presentation Depends on Autophagy in Tumor Cells
485. Autophagy: Regulation and role in disease
486. Atg17 Functions in Cooperation with Atg1 and Atg13 in Yeast Autophagy
487. Autophagy in cardiac myocyte homeostasis, aging, and pathology
488. Autophagy, Cytoplasm-to-Vacuole Targeting Pathway, and Pexophagy in Yeast and Mammalian Cells
489. Autophagy Is Activated by Apoptotic Signalling in Sympathetic Neurons: An Alternative Mechanism of Death Execution
490. A Noncanonical Mechanism of Nrf2 Activation by Autophagy Deficiency: Direct Interaction between Keap1 and p62
491. TBK-1 Promotes Autophagy–Mediated Antimicrobial Defense by Controlling Autophagosome Maturation
492. Role of Autophagy in G2019S‐LRRK2‐associated neurite shortening in differentiated SH‐SY5Y cells
493. Autophagy-mediated reentry of Francisella tularensis into the endocytic compartment after cytoplasmic replication
494. Ammonia-induced Autophagy is independent of ULK1/ULK2 kinases
495. Autophagy, a guardian against neurodegeneration
496. Autophagy Contributes to Caspase-independent Macrophage Cell Death
497. Autophagy Is Important in Islet Homeostasis and Compensatory Increase of Beta Cell Mass in Response to High-Fat Diet
498. Autophagy in cardiovascular biology
499. Autophagy: machinery and regulation
500. Mammalian Autophagy: How Does It Work?
501. Autophagy requires endoplasmic reticulum targeting of the PI3-kinase complex via Atg14L
502. Autophagy in proximal tubules protects against acute kidney injury
503. Differential Regulation of Distinct Vps34 Complexes by AMPK in Nutrient Stress and Autophagy
504. Aggresomes and Autophagy Generate Sites for Virus Replication
505. Autophagy pathway intersects with HIV-1 biosynthesis and regulates viral yields in macrophages
506. Autophagy and adaptive immunity
507. Synergistic Augmentation of Rapamycin-Induced Autophagy in Malignant Glioma Cells by Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Protein Kinase B Inhibitors
508. Postischemic treatment of neonatal cerebral ischemia should target Autophagy
509. Autophagy-mediated clearance of huntingtin aggregates triggered by the insulin-signaling pathway
510. p65/RelA Modulates BECN1 Transcription and Autophagy
511. Autophagy in health and disease. 1. Regulation and significance of Autophagy: an overview
512. Plasma cells require Autophagy for sustainable immunoglobulin production
513. Tissue-specific Autophagy Alterations and Increased Tumorigenesis in Mice Deficient in Atg4C/Autophagin-3
514. Glucocorticoid‐induced Autophagy in osteocytes
515. An Atg1/Atg13 Complex with Multiple Roles in TOR-mediated Autophagy Regulation
516. Eating the endoplasmic reticulum: quality control by Autophagy
517. Differential Regulation of Caspase-1 Activation, Pyroptosis, and Autophagy via Ipaf and ASC in Shigella-Infected Macrophages
518. siRNA Screening of the Kinome Identifies ULK1 as a Multidomain Modulator of Autophagy
519. Autophagy and Tumorigenesis
520. Chaperone-mediated Autophagy: Molecular mechanisms and physiological relevance
521. Cytosolic FoxO1 is essential for the induction of Autophagy and tumour suppressor activity
522. Extracellular M. tuberculosis DNA Targets Bacteria for Autophagy by Activating the Host DNA-Sensing Pathway
523. Autophagy activation by rapamycin reduces severity of experimental osteoarthritis
524. A New Protein Conjugation System in Human
     THE COUNTERPART OF THE YEAST Apg12p CONJUGATION SYSTEM ESSENTIAL FOR Autophagy
525. Role of Mitochondrial Inner Membrane Permeabilization in Necrotic Cell Death, Apoptosis, and Autophagy
526. Mutant p53 protein localized in the cytoplasm inhibits Autophagy
527. SIRT1: Regulation of longevity via Autophagy
528. Autophagy, Not Apoptosis, Is Essential for Midgut Cell Death in Drosophila
529. Regulation of Autophagy by mTOR-dependent and mTOR-independent pathways: Autophagy dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases and therapeutic application of Autophagy enhancers
530. Eukaryotic Stress Granules Are Cleared by Autophagy and Cdc48/VCP Function
531. Linking ER Stress to Autophagy: Potential Implications for Cancer Therapy
532. Control of Autophagy initiation by phosphoinositide 3‐phosphatase jumpy
533. Degradation of Paternal Mitochondria by Fertilization-Triggered Autophagy in C. elegans Embryos
534. How to Live Long and Prosper: Autophagy, Mitochondria, and Aging
535. Autophagy Is an Essential Component of Drosophila Immunity against Vesicular Stomatitis Virus
536. Autophagy inhibitor Lys05 has single-agent antitumor activity and reproduces the phenotype of a genetic Autophagy deficiency
537. Autophagy enhances the efficacy of BCG vaccine by increasing peptide presentation in mouse dendritic cells
538. Rapamycin protects against rotenone-induced apoptosis through Autophagy induction
539. Proteases in Autophagy
540. Adipose-specific deletion of Autophagy-related gene 7 (atg7) in mice reveals a role in adipogenesis
541. The Four Faces of Autophagy: Implications for Cancer Therapy
542. Lysosomal killing of Mycobacterium mediated by ubiquitin-derived peptides is enhanced by Autophagy
543. Autophagy Signaling Through Reactive Oxygen Species
544. PARTICIPATION OF LYSOSOMES IN CELLULAR Autophagy INDUCED IN RAT LIVER BY GLUCAGON
545. Autophagy for tissue homeostasis and neuroprotection
546. Molecules and their functions in Autophagy
547. Aβ Secretion and Plaque Formation Depend on Autophagy
548. Structural basis of target recognition by Atg8/LC3 during selective Autophagy
549. Autophagy is defective in collagen VI muscular dystrophies, and its reactivation rescues myofiber degeneration
550. Metformin inhibits melanoma development through Autophagy and apoptosis mechanisms
551. Altered Autophagy in Human Adipose Tissues in Obesity
552. Autophagy protects against active tuberculosis by suppressing bacterial burden and inflammation
553. Aggregate‐Prone Proteins Are Cleared from the Cytosol by Autophagy: Therapeutic Implications
554. MicroRNAs in apoptosis, Autophagy and necroptosis
555. Relationship between the proteasomal system and Autophagy
556. Rapamycin and mTOR-independent Autophagy inducers ameliorate toxicity of polyglutamine-expanded huntingtin and related proteinopathies
557. Autophagy Induction by the Pathogen Receptor CD46
558. PUMA- and Bax-induced Autophagy contributes to apoptosis
559. Autophagy Proteins Regulate the Secretory Component of Osteoclastic Bone Resorption
560. mTORC1 Phosphorylates the ULK1-mAtg13-FIP200 Autophagy Regulatory Complex
561. Eating the enemy within: Autophagy in infectious diseases
562. INFLUENCE OF GLUCAGON, AN INDUCER OF CELLULAR Autophagy, ON SOME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF RAT LIVER LYSOSOMES
563. Downregulated MEG3 activates Autophagy and increases cell proliferation in bladder cancer
564. Distinct Autophagosomal-Lysosomal Fusion Mechanism Revealed by Thapsigargin-Induced Autophagy Arrest
565. Regulation of Autophagy by the p300 Acetyltransferase
566. GAPDH and Autophagy Preserve Survival after Apoptotic Cytochrome c Release in the Absence of Caspase Activation
567. Keap1 degradation by Autophagy for the maintenance of redox homeostasis
568. Viruses and the Autophagy machinery
569. Autophagy: molecular mechanisms, physiological functions and relevance in human pathology
570. Essential role for Autophagy in life span extension
571. Targeting Autophagy Addiction in Cancer
572. p62, an Autophagy hero or culprit?
573. Autophagy in Yeast: ATOR-Mediated Response to Nutrient Starvation
574. The Legionella Effector RavZ Inhibits Host Autophagy Through Irreversible Atg8 Deconjugation
575. BNIP3 Is an RB/E2F Target Gene Required for Hypoxia-Induced Autophagy
576. The unfolded protein response protects human tumor cells during hypoxia through regulation of the Autophagy genes MAP1LC3B and ATG5
577. p53/HMGB1 Complexes Regulate Autophagy and Apoptosis
578. The dynamic interaction of AMBRA1 with the dynein motor complex regulates mammalian Autophagy
579. Valosin-containing protein (VCP) is required for Autophagy and is disrupted in VCP disease
580. Autophagy in Load-Induced Heart Disease
581. To Be or Not to Be? How Selective Autophagy and Cell Death Govern Cell Fate
582. Wild Type α-Synuclein Is Degraded by Chaperone-mediated Autophagy and MacroAutophagy in Neuronal Cells
583. Protein breakdown in muscle wasting: Role of Autophagy-lysosome and ubiquitin-proteasome
584. Autophagy deficiency leads to protection from obesity and insulin resistance by inducing Fgf21 as a mitokine
585. How do ESCRT proteins control Autophagy?
586. Resveratrol-Activated AMPK/SIRT1/Autophagy in Cellular Models of Parkinson’s Disease
587. Autophagy: a multifaceted intracellular system for bulk and selective recycling
588. Autophagy promotes synapse development in Drosophila
589. Autophagy, proteasomes, lipofuscin, and oxidative stress in the aging brain
590. Spermidine and resveratrol induce Autophagy by distinct pathways converging on the acetylproteome
591. Noncanonical Autophagy Promotes the Visual Cycle
592. Regulation of Autophagy by ATF4 in response to severe hypoxia
593. C. elegans Screen Identifies Autophagy Genes Specific to Multicellular Organisms
594. Chapter 10 Monitoring Autophagy by Electron Microscopy in Mammalian Cells
595. Glycogen Autophagy in glucose homeostasis
596. mTOR inhibits Autophagy by controlling ULK1 ubiquitylation, self-association and function through AMBRA1 and TRAF6
597. The miRNA-212/132 family regulates both cardiac hypertrophy and cardiomyocyte Autophagy
598. XBP-1 deficiency in the nervous system protects against amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by increasing Autophagy
599. Autophagy in cellular growth control
600. Suppression of Autophagy by FIP200 deletion inhibits mammary tumorigenesis
601. AMPK and Autophagy get connected
602. Processing of ATG8s, Ubiquitin-Like Proteins, and Their Deconjugation by ATG4s Are Essential for Plant Autophagy
603. Regulation of Autophagy by Cytosolic Acetyl-Coenzyme A
604. Transcriptional control of Autophagy–lysosome function drives pancreatic cancer metabolism
605. Impaired Autophagy of an Intracellular Pathogen Induced by a Crohn’s Disease Associated ATG16L1 Variant
606. Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibition of phagolysosome biogenesis and Autophagy as a host defence mechanism
607. The return of the nucleus: transcriptional and epigenetic control of Autophagy
608. Autophagy and disease: always two sides to a problem
609. Early endosomes and endosomal coatomer are required for Autophagy
610. A role for Autophagy during hepatic stellate cell activation
611. Autophagy in Yeast: Mechanistic Insights and Physiological Function
612. Apg16p is required for the function of the Apg12p–Apg5p conjugate in the yeast Autophagy pathway
613. Nonselective Autophagy of cytosolic enzymes by isolated rat hepatocytes.
614. Autophagy Is Required for Maintenance of Amino Acid Levels and Protein Synthesis under Nitrogen Starvation
615. Dual Role of 3-Methyladenine in Modulation of Autophagy via Different Temporal Patterns of Inhibition on Class I and III Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase
616. Identification of Barkor as a mammalian Autophagy-specific factor for Beclin 1 and class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
617. HDACs link the DNA damage response, processing of double-strand breaks and Autophagy
618. Autophagy and Cancer
619. Autophagy—a key player in cellular and body metabolism
620. Sirtuins’ modulation of Autophagy
621. Tumor Vessel Normalization by Chloroquine Independent of Autophagy
622. Autophagy and Neurodegeneration: Pathogenic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities
623. Autophagy in neurodegeneration and development
624. The Cvt pathway as a model for selective Autophagy
625. Autophagy is involved in T cell death after binding of HIV-1 envelope proteins to CXCR4
626. Hypoxia-Induced Autophagy Promotes Tumor Cell Survival and Adaptation to Antiangiogenic Treatment in Glioblastoma
627. Regulation of Autophagy by Extracellular Signal-Regulated Protein Kinases During 1-Methyl-4-Phenylpyridinium-Induced Cell Death
628. Autophagy Protects the Proximal Tubule from Degeneration and Acute Ischemic Injury
629. Autophagy: links with the proteasome
630. The crosstalk between Autophagy and apoptosis: where does this lead?
631. Autophagy Protects the Proximal Tubule from Degeneration and Acute Ischemic Injury
632. The tumor suppressor gene ARHI regulates Autophagy and tumor dormancy in human ovarian cancer cells
633. Autophagy and Tumor Metabolism
634. Essential role for Autophagy protein Atg7 in the maintenance of axonal homeostasis and the prevention of axonal degeneration
635. Autophagy in Protein and Organelle Turnover
636. Sphingolipids: regulators of crosstalk between apoptosis and Autophagy
637. HMGB1-induced Autophagy promotes chemotherapy resistance in leukemia cells
638. Regulation of Autophagy by phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate
639. Focal cerebral ischemia induces upregulation of Beclin 1 and Autophagy–like cell death
640. Programmed Autophagy in the Drosophila Fat Body Is Induced by Ecdysone through Regulation of the PI3K Pathway
641. Akt and Autophagy Cooperate to Promote Survival of Drug-Resistant Glioma
642. Autophagy in filamentous fungi
643. Intracellular Protein Aggregation Is a Proximal Trigger of Cardiomyocyte Autophagy
644. Regulation of innate immune responses by Autophagy-related proteins
645. Participation of Autophagy in renal ischemia/reperfusion injury
646. Ubiquilin functions in Autophagy and is degraded by chaperone-mediated Autophagy
647. Structural Aspects of Autophagy
648. Chapter 1 Monitoring Autophagy in Mammalian Cultured Cells through the Dynamics of LC3
649. Ammonia Derived from Glutaminolysis Is a Diffusible Regulator of Autophagy
650. Autophagy proteins regulate ERK phosphorylation
651. Autophagy in cancer metastasis
652. GSK3-TIP60-ULK1 Signaling Pathway Links Growth Factor Deprivation to Autophagy
653. Autophagy is cytoprotective during cisplatin injury of renal proximal tubular cells
654. Targeting Autophagy potentiates tyrosine kinase inhibitor–induced cell death in Philadelphia chromosome–positive cells, including primary CML stem cells
655. Function and Molecular Mechanism of Acetylation in Autophagy Regulation
656. Digesting the Expanding Mechanisms of Autophagy
657. Autophagy—A double‐edged sword in oncology
658. The dual role of Autophagy in cancer
659. Emerging Role for Autophagy in the Removal of Aggresomes in Schwann Cells
660. A Salmonella protein causes macrophage cell death by inducing Autophagy
661. Recycle or die: The role of Autophagy in cardioprotection
662. Autophagy in Atherosclerosis
663. Autophagy is an adaptive response in desmin-related cardiomyopathy
664. Autophagy in Diabetic Nephropathy
665. Major histocompatibility complex class II‐restricted presentation of a cytosolic antigen by Autophagy
666. Autophagy Is Activated in Colorectal Cancer Cells and Contributes to the Tolerance to Nutrient Deprivation
667. Autophagosome-Independent Essential Function for the Autophagy Protein Atg5 in Cellular Immunity to Intracellular Pathogens
668. Autophagy enhances the presentation of endogenous viral antigens on MHC class I molecules during HSV-1 infection
669. Autophagy in Vascular Disease
670. Targeting Autophagy augments the anticancer activity of the histone deacetylase inhibitor SAHA to overcome Bcr-Abl–mediated drug resistance
671. Calorie restriction enhances cell adaptation to hypoxia through Sirt1-dependent mitochondrial Autophagy in mouse aged kidney
672. Autophagy contributes to resistance of tumor cells to ionizing radiation
673. EGFR-Mediated Beclin 1 Phosphorylation in Autophagy Suppression, Tumor Progression, and Tumor Chemoresistance
674. Development of Autophagy inducers in clinical medicine
675. Role of Autophagy in Cancer Prevention
676. Methamphetamine-Induced Degeneration of Dopaminergic Neurons Involves Autophagy and Upregulation of Dopamine Synthesis
677. Peroxisome turnover by micropexophagy: an Autophagy-related process
678. In Situ Detection of Starvation-induced Autophagy
679. Autophagy in Hypothalamic AgRP Neurons Regulates Food Intake and Energy Balance
680. Bcl-2:Beclin 1 complex: multiple, mechanisms regulating Autophagy/apoptosis toggle switch
681. Receptor-mediated selective Autophagy degrades the endoplasmic reticulum and the nucleus
682. Diet, Autophagy, and Cancer: A Review
683. A dual role for Ca2+ in Autophagy regulation
684. Autophagy and antiviral immunity
685. p62/SQSTM1 functions as a signaling hub and an Autophagy adaptor
686. Deacetylation of FoxO by Sirt1 Plays an Essential Role in Mediating Starvation-Induced Autophagy in Cardiac Myocytes
687. Protein and mRNA expression of Autophagy gene Beclin 1 in human brain tumours
688. Methods for Assessing Autophagy and Autophagic Cell Death
689. Constitutive Activation of Chaperone-mediated Autophagy in Cells with Impaired MacroAutophagy
690. Regulation of lipid droplets by Autophagy
691. Autophagy in cardiac myocytes.
692. Membrane Recruitment of Aut7p in the Autophagy and Cytoplasm to Vacuole Targeting Pathways Requires Aut1p, Aut2p, and the Autophagy Conjugation Complex
693. Increased Autophagy in transgenic mice with a G93A mutant SOD1 gene
694. p38 and JNK MAPK pathways control the balance of apoptosis and Autophagy in response to chemotherapeutic agents
695. Huntington’s disease: degradation of mutant huntingtin by Autophagy
696. Autophagy modulation for cancer therapy
697. Atg5: more than an Autophagy factor
698. Apoptosis and Autophagy: Targeting Autophagy signallingin cancer cells – ‘trick or treats’?
699. DAP‐kinase‐mediated phosphorylation on the BH3 domain of beclin 1 promotes dissociation of beclin 1 from Bcl‐XL and induction of Autophagy
700. Negative regulation of Autophagy
701. Screen for Chemical Modulators of Autophagy Reveals Novel Therapeutic Inhibitors of mTORC1 Signaling
702. Journal of the American College of Cardiology
703. Autophagy regulates TNFα-mediated joint destruction in experimental arthritis
704. Cholesterol depletion induces Autophagy
705. Autophagy mediates pharmacological lifespan extension by spermidine and resveratrol
706. Remodeling the Endoplasmic Reticulum by Poliovirus Infection and by Individual Viral Proteins: an Autophagy-Like Origin for Virus-Induced Vesicles
707. Neuroprotection of rapamycin in lactacystin-induced neurodegeneration via Autophagy enhancement
708. Genetic and Phenotypic Overlap between Autophagy and the Cytoplasm to Vacuole Protein Targeting Pathway
709. JNK regulates FoxO-dependent Autophagy in neurons
710. Deacetylation of Nuclear LC3 Drives Autophagy Initiation under Starvation
711. DNA damaging agent-induced Autophagy produces a cytoprotective adenosine triphosphate surge in malignant glioma cells
712. Autophagy, plant senescence, and nutrient recycling
713. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring Autophagy
714. p62 links Autophagy and Nrf2 signaling
715. Non‐autophagic roles of Autophagy‐related proteins
716. Autophagy in atherosclerosis
717. Autophagy and pancreatitis
718. Radiation-induced Autophagy is associated with LC3 and its inhibition sensitizes malignant glioma cells
719. Dual roles of Autophagy in the survival of Caenorhabditis elegans during starvation
720. Transcriptional regulation of Autophagy by an FXR–CREB axis
721. Autophagy and neurodegeneration
722. Autophagy Plays a Role in Chloroplast Degradation during Senescence in Individually Darkened Leaves
723. Structure of Atg5·Atg16, a Complex Essential for Autophagy
724. Autophagy in tumorigenesis and energy metabolism: friend by day, foe by night
725. mTOR and Autophagy: A dynamic relationship governed by nutrients and energy
726. TOR-dependent control of Autophagy: biting the hand that feeds
727. Starving Neurons Show Sex Difference in Autophagy
728. Targeting ER stress–induced Autophagy overcomes BRAF inhibitor resistance in melanoma
729. Starvation‐induced expression of Autophagy‐related genes in Arabidopsis
730. Involvement of Autophagy in trypsinogen activation within the pancreatic acinar cells
731. ROS and Autophagy: Interactions and Molecular Regulatory Mechanisms
732. The Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy Receptor Organizes in Dynamic Protein Complexes at the Lysosomal Membrane
733. BAG3 mediates chaperone‐based aggresome‐targeting and selective Autophagy of misfolded proteins
734. The Role of Lipids in the Control of Autophagy
735. mTOR’s role in ageing: protein synthesis or Autophagy?
736. Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1a Growth and Induction of Autophagy
737. Selective types of Autophagy in yeast
738. The Parkinson-associated protein PINK1 interacts with Beclin1 and promotes Autophagy
739. Regulation of Autophagy by the Rab GTPase network
740. Autophagy suppresses progression of K-ras-induced lung tumors to oncocytomas and maintains lipid homeostasis
741. Bcl‐2 and Bcl‐xL play important roles in the crosstalk between Autophagy and apoptosis
742. Autophagy as an essential cellular antioxidant pathway in neurodegenerative disease
743. Autophagy Releases Lipid That Promotes Fibrogenesis by Activated Hepatic Stellate Cells in Mice and in Human Tissues
744. Inhibition of Autophagy in Mitotic Animal Cells
745. Crohn’s disease: NOD2, Autophagy and ER stress converge
746. Autophagy and inflammatory diseases
747. Autophagy
748. Regulation of Autophagy by stress-responsive transcription factors
749. Dengue Virus and Autophagy
750. Analyses of APG13 gene involved in Autophagy in yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae
751. The Impact of Autophagy on Cell Death Modalities
752. Regulation of Autophagy in mammals and its interplay with apoptosis
753. Aging: Central role for Autophagy and the lysosomal degradative system
754. Autophagy and the degradation of mitochondria
755. Dependence of hepatocytic Autophagy on intracellularly sequestered calcium.
756. Autophagy in Innate Immunity against Intracellular Bacteria
757. Autophagy: Role in surviving environmental stress
758. Autophagy: Is It Cancer’s Friend or Foe?
759. Autophagy and Its Role in MHC-Mediated Antigen Presentation
760. Autophagy and genomic integrity
761. Autophagy induction favours the generation and maturation of the Coxiella‐replicative vacuoles
762. Autophagy and p62 in Cardiac Proteinopathy
763. Ordered Organelle Degradation during Starvation-induced Autophagy
764. Autophagy, Inflammation, and Immunity: A Troika Governing Cancer and Its Treatment
765. AMPK-Dependent Phosphorylation of ULK1 Induces Autophagy
766. Autophagy: shaping the tumor microenvironment and therapeutic response
767. Autophagy in the Lung
768. Autophagy and antigen presentation
769. Atg7-dependent Autophagy promotes neuronal health, stress tolerance, and longevity but is dispensable for metamorphosis in Drosophil
770. DJ-1 acts in parallel to the PINK1/parkin pathway to control mitochondrial function and Autophagy
771. The induction of Autophagy by γ‐radiation contributes to the radioresistance of glioma stem cells
772. Apoptosis and Autophagy: Regulation of caspase‐9 by phosphorylation
773. TRAF6 and A20 Regulate Lysine 63–Linked Ubiquitination of Beclin-1 to Control TLR4-Induced Autophagy
774. Autophagy regulation and its role in cancer
775. Role of non-canonical Beclin 1-independent Autophagy in cell death induced by resveratrol in human breast cancer cells
776. Methods for detecting Autophagy and determining Autophagy–induced cell death
777. Formation of the ∼350-kDa Apg12-Apg5·Apg16 Multimeric Complex, Mediated by Apg16 Oligomerization, Is Essential for Autophagy in Yeast
778. Autophagy in neurodegenerative disorders: pathogenic roles and therapeutic implications
779. ER stress–mediated Autophagy promotes Myc-dependent transformation and tumor growth
780. AMPK‐mediated Autophagy inhibits apoptosis in cisplatin‐treated tumour cells
781. Atg22 Recycles Amino Acids to Link the Degradative and Recycling Functions of Autophagy
782. Autophagy Induced by Ischemic Preconditioning is Essential for Cardioprotection
783. Autophagy machinery mediates macroendocytic processing and entotic cell death by targeting single membranes
784. Autophagy as a therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease
785. Proteasome inhibitors activate Autophagy as a cytoprotective response in human prostate cancer cells
786. Induction of Autophagy Promotes Fusion of Multivesicular Bodies with Autophagic Vacuoles in K562 Cells
787. Oxidative Stress, Redox Signaling, and Autophagy: Cell Death Versus Survival